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the deluded mental factor that is attracted to and wishes to possess misery-producing objects, mistakenly believing them to be true sources of happiness.
attachment;attachment;the deluded mental factor that is attracted to and wishes to possess misery-producing objects, mistakenly believing them to be true sources of happiness.
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the various mental and physical constituents of conditioned existence, specifically of the person.the various mental and physical constituents of conditioned existence, specifically of the person.
aggregates;aggregates;the various mental and physical constituents of conditioned existence, specifically of the person.the various mental and physical constituents of conditioned existence, specifically of the person.
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Skt., samsara; the unsatisfactory state of existence, rooted in ignorance of the actual nature of reality, in which beings experience the various sufferings of repeated death and rebirth.
cyclic existence;cyclic existence;samsara;Skt., samsara;the unsatisfactory state of existence, rooted in ignorance of the actual nature of reality, in which beings experience the various sufferings of repeated death and rebirth.
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those practices of compassion and so forth leading to the attainment of the form body (rupakaya) of a buddha.
method;method;those practices of compassion and so forth leading to the attainment of the form body (rupakaya) of a buddha.
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designate; apprehend; the mental process by which phenomena are established to exist conventionally.
impute;impute;designate;apprehend;the mental process by which phenomena are established to exist conventionally.
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the form body of a buddha comprising the sambhogakāya and nirmanakāya.
rūpakāya;the form body of a buddha comprising the sambhogakāya and nirmanakāya.
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the hub around which the various segments of the universe are arranged; visualized especially at the centre of mandala offerings.
Mount Meru;mount meru;the hub around which the various segments of the universe are arranged;visualized especially at the centre of mandala offerings.
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knowing or understanding, specifically of the actual way in which things exist; the realizations leading to the attainment of the truth body (dharmakāya) of a buddha.
wisdom;wisdom;knowing or understanding, specifically of the actual way in which things exist;the realizations leading to the attainment of the truth body (dharmakāya) of a buddha.
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Indian master; mentor to Nāgārjuna and highly accomplished tantric practitioner.
Saraha;Indian master;mentor to Nāgārjuna and highly accomplished tantric practitioner.
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intentional action that determines the nature of future experience in accordance with the laws or moral causation.
karma;intentional action that determines the nature of future experience in accordance with the laws or moral causation.
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(1) the power of knowing right from wrong; (2) the power of knowing the consequences of actions; (3) the power of knowing the various inclinations of living beings; (4) the power of knowing the various types of living beings; (5) the power of knowing the degree of the capacities of living beings; (6) the power of knowing the path that leads everywhere; (7) the power of knowing the obscurations, afflictions and purifications of all contemplations, meditations, liberations, concentrations and absorptions; (8) the power of knowing one's former lives; (9) the power of knowing the time of death and future lives; (10) the power of knowing the exhaustion of defilements. (Adapted from Thurman, Robert, ''The Holy Teachings of Virmalakirti''(sic). Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.)
ten powers of a buddha;ten powers of a buddha;(1) the power of knowing right from wrong;(2) the power of knowing the consequences of actions;(3) the power of knowing the various inclinations of living beings;(4) the power of knowing the various types of living beings;(5) the power of knowing the degree of the capacities of living beings;(6) the power of knowing the path that leads everywhere;(7) the power of knowing the obscurations, afflictions and purifications of all contemplations, meditations, liberations, concentrations and absorptions;(8) the power of knowing one's former lives;(9) the power of knowing the time of death and future lives;(10) the power of knowing the exhaustion of defilements. (Adapted from Thurman, Robert, ''The Holy Teachings of Virmalakirti''(sic). Pennsylvania State University Press, 1976.)
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a school of Buddhist philosophy formulated by Nāgārjuna, Chandrakīrti and others on the basis of the ''Perfection of Wisdom (prajñāpāramitā) Sutras'' of the Buddha. It emphasizes the voidness of all phenomena through a radical denial of any notions such as substance, essence, and inherent existence. Through understanding voidness one is freed from the ignorance that keeps one bound to samsara.
Madhyamaka;a school of Buddhist philosophy formulated by Nāgārjuna, Chandrakīrti and others on the basis of the ''Perfection of Wisdom (prajñāpāramitā) Sutras'' of the Buddha. It emphasizes the voidness of all phenomena through a radical denial of any notions such as substance, essence, and inherent existence. Through understanding voidness one is freed from the ignorance that keeps one bound to samsara.
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one who has removed every gross and subtle obscuration veiling the mind and has developed all good qualities, such as wisdom, compassion and skilful means, to the full.
buddha;one who has removed every gross and subtle obscuration veiling the mind and has developed all good qualities, such as wisdom, compassion and skilful means, to the full.
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those paths of Buddhist thought and practice stressing the attainments of the full enlightenment of buddha hood for the benefit of others; the paths of the bodhisattva; the so-called greater vehicle.
Mahāyāna;those paths of Buddhist thought and practice stressing the attainments of the full enlightenment of buddha hood for the benefit of others;the paths of the bodhisattva;the so-called greater vehicle.
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full enlightenment: the goal of the Mahāyāna practitioner.
buddhahood;buddhahood;full enlightenment: the goal of the Mahāyāna practitioner.
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liberation from cyclic existence; the "higher" nirvana refers to the complete enlightenment of a buddha.
nirvana;liberation from cyclic existence;the "higher" nirvana refers to the complete enlightenment of a buddha.
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the form in which a buddha appears to ordinary beings; the emanation body.
nirmanakāya;the form in which a buddha appears to ordinary beings;the emanation body.
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the bodhisattva embodying the boundless compassion of full enlightenment.
Avalokiteshvara;the bodhisattva embodying the boundless compassion of full enlightenment.
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states of deep meditative concentration four immeasurables meditation upon love, compassion, equanimity and joyfulness.
four formless absorptions;four formless absorptions;states of deep meditative concentration four immeasurables meditation upon love, compassion, equanimity and joyfulness.
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the falsely conceived way in which phenomena are believed to exist, i.e. without depending upon parts, causes and mental imputation.
inherent existence;inherent existence;the falsely conceived way in which phenomena are believed to exist, i.e. without depending upon parts, causes and mental imputation.
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unknowing; specifically the deluded mental factor that is mistaken about the actual way in which things exist; the root of cyclic existence and all suffering.
ignorance;ignorance;unknowing;specifically the deluded mental factor that is mistaken about the actual way in which things exist;the root of cyclic existence and all suffering.
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Indian Buddhist master of the second century who elucidated the Perfection of Wisdom Sutras of Buddha; the major expounder of the Madhyamaka philosophy.
Nāgārjuna;Indian Buddhist master of the second century who elucidated the Perfection of Wisdom Sutras of Buddha;the major expounder of the Madhyamaka philosophy.
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the dependent and relational character of phenomena; any phenomenon so characterized. Establishing things as dependent arisings - i.e. as dependent upon parts, causes and mental imputation for their existence - overcomes the false view of their being inherently self-existent.
dependent arising;dependent arising;the dependent and relational character of phenomena;any phenomenon so characterized. Establishing things as dependent arisings - i.e. as dependent upon parts, causes and mental imputation for their existence - overcomes the false view of their being inherently self-existent.
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title conferred on one who has completed a Tibetan monastic education in such Buddhist studies as logic, epistemology, philosophy, metaphysics and rules of discipline.
geshe;geshe;title conferred on one who has completed a Tibetan monastic education in such Buddhist studies as logic, epistemology, philosophy, metaphysics and rules of discipline.
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Sanskrit syllables incorporating the name of one's spiritual mentor, recited to enhance devotion and to request inspiration.
name-mantra of guru;name-mantra of guru;Sanskrit syllables incorporating the name of one's spiritual mentor, recited to enhance devotion and to request inspiration.
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Enumerator; a non-Buddhist school asserting twenty-five categories of objects of knowledge.
Sāṃkhya;Enumerator;a non-Buddhist school asserting twenty-five categories of objects of knowledge.
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a Mahāyāna practitioner; someone striving to gain the full enlightenment of buddhahood in order to benefit others.
bodhisattva;a Mahāyāna practitioner;someone striving to gain the full enlightenment of buddhahood in order to benefit others.
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or Particularist; a non-Buddhist school teaching a path to liberation employing ablutions, fasts, etc.
Particularist;particularist;Vaisheshika;or Particularist;a non-Buddhist school teaching a path to liberation employing ablutions, fasts, etc.
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conventional or deceptive truth, i.e. the way in which phenomena normally appear and function, and ultimate truth, i.e. the way in which phenomena actually exist.
two truths;two truths;conventional or deceptive truth, i.e. the way in which phenomena normally appear and function, and ultimate truth, i.e. the way in which phenomena actually exist.
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Indian master of the sixth century who elucidated Nāgārjuna's exposition of the Madhyamaka philosophy; author of the ''Madhyamakāvtāra'' (sic).
Chandrakīrti;Indian master of the sixth century who elucidated Nāgārjuna's exposition of the Madhyamaka philosophy;author of the ''Madhyamakāvtāra'' (sic).
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founder of the Gelug tradition of Tibetan Buddhism.
Tsong Khapa;tsong khapa;founder of the Gelug tradition of Tibetan Buddhism.
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the aspect of consciousness that is aware only of the consciousness itself. It is asserted by the Chittamatra school and refuted by the Madhyamaka school.
apperception;apperception;the aspect of consciousness that is aware only of the consciousness itself. It is asserted by the Chittamatra school and refuted by the Madhyamaka school.
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a circular diagram symbolic of the universe; the visualized abode of a meditational deity.
mandala;a circular diagram symbolic of the universe;the visualized abode of a meditational deity.
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those paths of Buddhist thought and practice stressing the attainment of individual or self-liberation from the sufferings of cyclic existence; the so-called lesser vehicle.
Hīnayāna;those paths of Buddhist thought and practice stressing the attainment of individual or self-liberation from the sufferings of cyclic existence;the so-called lesser vehicle.
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the deluded mental factor that seeks to be separated from and generates anger towards unpleasant objects.
aversion;aversion;the deluded mental factor that seeks to be separated from and generates anger towards unpleasant objects.
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one of the eighteen earliest schools of Buddhism; classified by the Tibetans as one of the sub-sects of the Vaibāshika school.
Saṃmitīya;one of the eighteen earliest schools of Buddhism;classified by the Tibetans as one of the sub-sects of the Vaibāshika school.
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a non-Buddhist school of materialist thinkers who denied the validity of the law of moral causation (karma).
Chārvāka;a non-Buddhist school of materialist thinkers who denied the validity of the law of moral causation (karma).
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the mistaken view with which one believes one's I or self to exist independently and inherently, instead of being a mere imputation on the everchanging aggregates.
Vaisheshika;the mistaken view with which one believes one's I or self to exist independently and inherently, instead of being a mere imputation on the everchanging aggregates.
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the interdependent nature of phenomena; their manner of appearance and functioning.
conventional existence;conventional existence;the interdependent nature of phenomena;their manner of appearance and functioning.
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an esoteric discource attributed to the Buddha; a way to enlightenment which makes use of mantra, visualization, and the control of subtle physical energies; the adamantine vehicle to enlightenment (vajrayāna).
tantra;an esoteric discource attributed to the Buddha;a way to enlightenment which makes use of mantra, visualization, and the control of subtle physical energies;the adamantine vehicle to enlightenment (vajrayāna).
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a practitioner following a spiritual discipline that "yokes" him or her to a specific path and practice; one who has mastered the practices of concentration and insight.
yogī;a practitioner following a spiritual discipline that "yokes" him or her to a specific path and practice;one who has mastered the practices of concentration and insight.
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third of the four major schools of Buddhist philosophy; this Mahāyāna school denies the existence of external objects and asserts the true existence of the mind; sometimes referred to as the Mind-only school.
Chittamātra;third of the four major schools of Buddhist philosophy;this Mahāyāna school denies the existence of external objects and asserts the true existence of the mind;sometimes referred to as the Mind-only school.
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voidness; emptiness; the absence of inherent existence; the ultimate mode of being of all phenomena.
shūnyatā;voidness;emptiness;the absence of inherent existence;the ultimate mode of being of all phenomena.
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the ten stages or grounds through which advanced bodhisattvas pass on their way to enlightenment.
ten bhumis;ten bhumis;the ten stages or grounds through which advanced bodhisattvas pass on their way to enlightenment.
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the unobscured, omniscient mind of a buddha; the truth body.
dharmakāya;the unobscured, omniscient mind of a buddha;the truth body.
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Skt., ''ālayavijñāna''; asserted by the Chittamātra school as the consciousness upon which the seeds of karmic actions are placed.
foundation consciousness;foundation consciousness;Skt., ''ālayavijñāna'';asserted by the Chittamātra school as the consciousness upon which the seeds of karmic actions are placed.
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Sanskrit syllables and words used in tantric practices to transform ordinary speech and protect the mind from ordinary conceptualizations.
mantra;Sanskrit syllables and words used in tantric practices to transform ordinary speech and protect the mind from ordinary conceptualizations.
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the form in which a buddha appears to advanced bodhisattvas; the enjoyment body.
sambogakāya;the form in which a buddha appears to advanced bodhisattvas;the enjoyment body.
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one of Shākyamuni's closest disciples, known for his wisdom.
Shāriputra;one of Shākyamuni's closest disciples, known for his wisdom.
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title conferred upon Gautama Buddha (sixth century BC); Sage of the Shākya Clan.
Shākyamuni;title conferred upon Gautama Buddha (sixth century BC);Sage of the Shākya Clan.
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a discourse preached by the Buddha; the non-tantric way to enlightenment.
sutra;a discourse preached by the Buddha;the non-tantric way to enlightenment.
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the twelvefold chain of causation describing the way in which suffering arises from ignorance and the actions motivated by ignorance; (1) ignorance; (2) formative actions; (3) consciousness; (4) name and form; (5) the six sense bases; (6) contact; (7) feeling; (8) craving; (9) longing; (10) existence; (11) birth; (12) ageing and death.
twelve links;twelve links;the twelvefold chain of causation describing the way in which suffering arises from ignorance and the actions motivated by ignorance;(1) ignorance;(2) formative actions;(3) consciousness;(4) name and form;(5) the six sense bases;(6) contact;(7) feeling;(8) craving;(9) longing;(10) existence;(11) birth;(12) ageing and death.
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the state of realization of an arhat or a buddha.
enlightenment;enlightenment;the state of realization of an arhat or a buddha.
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a meditational deity visualized and invoked in tantric practices with whom the practitioner learns to identify.
yidam;yidam;a meditational deity visualized and invoked in tantric practices with whom the practitioner learns to identify.
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(sattva, rajah, tamah) asserted by the non-Buddhist Sāṃkhya school as the three basic constituents of the "primal substance" (prakrti): lightness, activity and darkness.
qualities;qualities;(sattva, rajah, tamah) asserted by the non-Buddhist Sāṃkhya school as the three basic constituents of the "primal substance" (prakrti): lightness, activity and darkness.
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one who has achieved liberation from cyclic existence: the goal of the Hinayāna practitioner.
arhat;one who has achieved liberation from cyclic existence: the goal of the Hinayāna practitioner.
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solitary realizer; a Hinayāna practitioner who does not rely on a spiritual master during the final stages of the path.
pratyekabuddha;solitary realizer;a Hinayāna practitioner who does not rely on a spiritual master during the final stages of the path.
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one of the four major Tibetan traditions of Buddhism, established in the fifteenth century by Je Tsong Khapa and his followers.
Gelug;gelug;one of the four major Tibetan traditions of Buddhism, established in the fifteenth century by Je Tsong Khapa and his followers.
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