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Rgyal ba byang chub;Nam mkha'i snying po
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Syllables or formulas which, recited in the context of sadhanas, visualizations, etc., protect the mind of the prac-titioner from ordinary perceptions. Mantras are also invocations of, and manifestations of, the yidam in the form of sound. There arc three kinds of mantra: (1) vidya-mantras (rig sngags\ associated with the outer class of tantras, are the essence of skilful means; (2) dharani-mantras (gzungs) are the essence of transcendent wisdom and derive from the teachings of the Prajnaparamita; (3) secret mantras (gsang sngags) related to the Mahayoga, Anuyoga, and Atiyoga.
sngags;MANTRA;Syllables or formulas which, recited in the context of sadhanas, visualizations, etc., protect the mind of the prac-titioner from ordinary perceptions. Mantras are also invocations of, and manifestations of, the yidam in the form of sound. There arc three kinds of mantra: (1) vidya-mantras (rig sngags\ associated with the outer class of tantras, are the essence of skilful means;(2) dharani-mantras (gzungs) are the essence of transcendent wisdom and derive from the teachings of the Prajnaparamita;(3) secret mantras (gsang sngags) related to the Mahayoga, Anuyoga, and Atiyoga.
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CONCENTRATION OF HEROIC FEARLESSNESS;concentration of heroic fearlessness;See threefold concentration
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A minister of the king Songtsen Gampo. After studying in India, he composed the grammar of the Tibetan language and devised the alphabet.
THONMI SAMBHOTA;thonmi sambhota;A minister of the king Songtsen Gampo. After studying in India, he composed the grammar of the Tibetan language and devised the alphabet.
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The ancient native religion of Tibet, existing at the time of the introduction of Buddhism in the eighth century and surviving to this day. In this translation, the term Bon may refer to the tradition itself and also to its adherents, who are, however, sometimes referred to as Bonpo. The relationship between Buddhism and Bon is very complex. Usually a dis-tinction is made between white Bon and black Bon, corresponding to the Inner Bon and the Gyu Bon of the story. The Inner Bon, which exists to this day and has been recognized by the Dalai Lama as the fifth religious tradition, has many teachings in common with the Buddhadharma, to which it is very close.
BON;The ancient native religion of Tibet, existing at the time of the introduction of Buddhism in the eighth century and surviving to this day. In this translation, the term Bon may refer to the tradition itself and also to its adherents, who are, however, sometimes referred to as Bonpo. The relationship between Buddhism and Bon is very complex. Usually a dis-tinction is made between white Bon and black Bon, corresponding to the Inner Bon and the Gyu Bon of the story. The Inner Bon, which exists to this day and has been recognized by the Dalai Lama as the fifth religious tradition, has many teachings in common with the Buddhadharma, to which it is very close.
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A term with many levels of meaning. Here it mainly refers to the esoteric texts of Vajrayana Buddhism expounding the natural purity of the mind.
rgyud;TANTRA;A term with many levels of meaning. Here it mainly refers to the esoteric texts of Vajrayana Buddhism expounding the natural purity of the mind.
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KUNTUZANGPO;kuntuzangpo;See Samantabhadra
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The "Mani," the mantra of Avalokiteshvara: Om Mani Padme Hung.
MANTRA OF SIX SYLLABLES;mantra of six syllables;The "Mani," the mantra of Avalokiteshvara: Om Mani Padme Hung.
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"That which eliminates the dualistic clinging of hope and fear (gtor) and unites one with the absolute nature of phenomena (ma)." A ritual object of varying shapes and composed of a variety of sub-stances. Depending on the context, the torma is considered as an offering, a symbolic representation of a deity, a source of blessings, or even as a weapon for dispelling obstacles.
gtor ma;TORMA;torma;"That which eliminates the dualistic clinging of hope and fear (gtor) and unites one with the absolute nature of phenomena (ma)." A ritual object of varying shapes and composed of a variety of sub-stances. Depending on the context, the torma is considered as an offering, a symbolic representation of a deity, a source of blessings, or even as a weapon for dispelling obstacles.
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Throughout this text the swastika appears as the symbol of the Bon. It is also used, however, in the context of Vajrayana Buddhism and represents immutability and indestructibility.
gyung drung;SWASTIKA;Throughout this text the swastika appears as the symbol of the Bon. It is also used, however, in the context of Vajrayana Buddhism and represents immutability and indestructibility.
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rdo rje mal 'byor ma;VAJRAYOGINI;Female Sambhogakaya form of Buddha.
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The third of the outer sections of tantra. It emphasizes meditation, the importance of the mind, in order to realize emptiness, without neglecting, however the external discipline of the body and speech.
rnal 'byor rgyud;YOGATANTRA;The third of the outer sections of tantra. It emphasizes meditation, the importance of the mind, in order to realize emptiness, without neglecting, however the external discipline of the body and speech.
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Lit., One Who Has Gone Thus. An epithet of the Buddhas.
de bzhin gshegs pa;TATHAGATA;Lit., One Who Has Gone Thus. An epithet of the Buddhas.
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mahasandhi, Skt.). Dzogchen, the ultimate view of the Nyingma sc, (ka dag) and spontaneous presence (Ihun grub).
rdzogs pa chen po;GREAT PERFECTION;great perfection;mahasandhi, Skt.). Dzogchen, the ultimate view of the Nyingma sc, (ka dag) and spontaneous presence (Ihun grub).
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Twelve spirits, associated with mountain ranges in Tibet, who in the presence of Guru Padmasambhava vowed to protect the religion and the people of Tibet.
brten ma bcu gnyis;TENMA GODDESSES;tenma goddesses;Twelve spirits, associated with mountain ranges in Tibet, who in the presence of Guru Padmasambhava vowed to protect the religion and the people of Tibet.
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A mountainside above Samye monastery and the location of many cave hermitages.
mchims phu;CHIMPHU;chimphu;A mountainside above Samye monastery and the location of many cave hermitages.
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The four cardinal directions together with the four intermediate directions, the zenith, and the nadir. TEN TRANSCENDENT VIRTUES. See Perfections
phyogs bcu;TEN DIRECTIONS;ten directions;The four cardinal directions together with the four intermediate directions, the zenith, and the nadir. TEN TRANSCENDENT VIRTUES. See Perfections
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A region in the west of Tibet, the traditional birthplace of the Bon religion.
ZHANG ZHUNG;A region in the west of Tibet, the traditional birthplace of the Bon religion.
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The Buddha, the Dharma, and the Spiritual Community (Sangha), in which a Buddhist takes refuge.
dkon mchog gsum;THREE JEWELS;three jewels;The Buddha, the Dharma, and the Spiritual Community (Sangha), in which a Buddhist takes refuge.
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The subtle channels or veins (nodi, Skt.; rtsa, Tib.), the wind-energies (prana; rlung), and the bodily essences (bindu; thig le), which are manipulated and brought under control in the course of Anuyoga practice.
CHANNELS,ENERGIES,AND ESSENCE-DROPS;channels,energies,and essence-drops;The subtle channels or veins (nodi, Skt.;rtsa, Tib.), the wind-energies (prana;rlung), and the bodily essences (bindu;thig le), which are manipulated and brought under control in the course of Anuyoga practice.
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sometimes translated as "hero." The tantric equivalent of a Buddha or Bodhisattva.
dpa' bo;DAKA;sometimes translated as "hero." The tantric equivalent of a Buddha or Bodhisattva.
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According to the teachings of the Nyingma school, the teachings of the Buddha are classified into nine sections or vehicles. These are the three vehicles of sutric teachings, Shrava-kayana, Pratyekabuddhayana, and Bodhisattvayana; the three outer tantric vehicles of Kriya, Upa, and Yoga; and the three inner tantric vehicles of Maha, Anu, and Ati. The six vehicles refer to the three sutric vehicles and to the three outer tantras.
theg pa;VEHICLES,SIX AND NINE;vehicles,six and nine;According to the teachings of the Nyingma school, the teachings of the Buddha are classified into nine sections or vehicles. These are the three vehicles of sutric teachings, Shrava-kayana, Pratyekabuddhayana, and Bodhisattvayana;the three outer tantric vehicles of Kriya, Upa, and Yoga;and the three inner tantric vehicles of Maha, Anu, and Ati. The six vehicles refer to the three sutric vehicles and to the three outer tantras.
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'byung ba;ELEMENTS;elements;See five elements
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Bliss inherent in the nature of the mind but totally beyond the ordinary sensation of pleasure.
bde ba chen po;GREAT BLISS;great bliss;Bliss inherent in the nature of the mind but totally beyond the ordinary sensation of pleasure.
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Four thoughts directed to the entire aggregate of living beings, which arc therefore de-scribed as incomensurable. They are boundless love, boundless compassion, boundless sympathetic joy, and boundless impartiality.
tsad med bzhi;FOUR IMMEASURABLE QUALITIES;four immeasurable qualities;Four thoughts directed to the entire aggregate of living beings, which arc therefore de-scribed as incomensurable. They are boundless love, boundless compassion, boundless sympathetic joy, and boundless impartiality.
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The three objects of refuge as expressed in the tantric teachings. These are the Guru, who is the root of blessings; the Yidam, the root of accomplishment; and the Dakinis, the root of activities.
rtsa gsum;THREE ROOTS;three roots;The three objects of refuge as expressed in the tantric teachings. These are the Guru, who is the root of blessings;the Yidam, the root of accomplishment;and the Dakinis, the root of activities.
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Demigods, one of six classes of beings in samsara.
Iha min;ASURA;Demigods, one of six classes of beings in samsara.
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Thirty-eighth king of Tibet, second of the three great religous kings, said to be a manifestation of the Bodhisattva Manjushri.
khri srong sde'u btsan;TRISONG DETSEN;trisong detsen;Thirty-eighth king of Tibet, second of the three great religous kings, said to be a manifestation of the Bodhisattva Manjushri.
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There are six kinds of clairvoyance or preternatural knowledge: for example, the knowledge of one's own and others' past existences. The sixth one is the knowledge of the exhaustion of karma and defilement. This is enjoyed by the Buddhas alone.
mngos shes;CLAIRVOYANCE;clairvoyance;There are six kinds of clairvoyance or preternatural knowledge: for example, the knowledge of one's own and others' past existences. The sixth one is the knowledge of the exhaustion of karma and defilement. This is enjoyed by the Buddhas alone.
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The first Buddhist king of Tibet, who flourished in the seventh century and is said to have been a manifesta-tion of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, or Chenrezig. Four reigns separate him from Trisong Detsen (eighth and ninth centuries).
srong btsan sgam po;SONGTSEN GAMPO;songtsen gampo;The first Buddhist king of Tibet, who flourished in the seventh century and is said to have been a manifesta-tion of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara, or Chenrezig. Four reigns separate him from Trisong Detsen (eighth and ninth centuries).
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Teachings and sacred objects concealed by Guru Rinpoche and other enlightened beings, to be revealed later, at a time when they would be most beneficial. The Terma teachings are com-posed in the symbolic letters of the dakinis, or other writing, and consist sometimes of a few words, sometimes of an entire text. The Treasures were concealed in the nature of the elements—water, rocks, etc.—or in the minds of the disciples. When they were with Guru Rinpoche, these disciples fully realized the meaning of these teachings and are for this reason the only ones who can rediscover them in the course of subsequent incar-nations. The purpose of the symbolic script is in fact to awaken in the terton's mind the memory of the teaching entrusted to him or her by Guru Rinpoche.
gter ma;TREASURE;treasure;Teachings and sacred objects concealed by Guru Rinpoche and other enlightened beings, to be revealed later, at a time when they would be most beneficial. The Terma teachings are com-posed in the symbolic letters of the dakinis, or other writing, and consist sometimes of a few words, sometimes of an entire text. The Treasures were concealed in the nature of the elements—water, rocks, etc.—or in the minds of the disciples. When they were with Guru Rinpoche, these disciples fully realized the meaning of these teachings and are for this reason the only ones who can rediscover them in the course of subsequent incar-nations. The purpose of the symbolic script is in fact to awaken in the terton's mind the memory of the teaching entrusted to him or her by Guru Rinpoche.
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Diamond or vajra weapon. The symbol of indestructibility and of compassion. A vajra is also a small implement used in conjunction with a bell (dril bu, the symbol of the wisdom of emptiness) during tantric rituals.
rdo rje;VAJRA;Diamond or vajra weapon. The symbol of indestructibility and of compassion. A vajra is also a small implement used in conjunction with a bell (dril bu, the symbol of the wisdom of emptiness) during tantric rituals.
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The sacramental bond and commitment in the Vajrayana established between the master and the disciple to whom he or she gives empowerment. Samaya also refers to the sacred links between the disciples of the same master and between the disciples and their prac-tice.
dam tshig;SAMAYA;The sacramental bond and commitment in the Vajrayana established between the master and the disciple to whom he or she gives empowerment. Samaya also refers to the sacred links between the disciples of the same master and between the disciples and their prac-tice.
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gsang sngags;SECRET MANTRA;SECRET MANTRAYANA;secret mantra;secret mantrayana;See Vajrayana
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Inner heat generated in the course of a certain yogic practice of the same name, belonging to the level of Anuyoga. TWELVE INTERDEPENDENT LINKS (rten 'brel, Tib.; pratityasamutpada, Skt.). The twelvefold chain of interdependent arising, which defines the whole round of samsaric experience. These are (1) ignorance (ma rig pa), (2) conditioning factors ('du byed), (3) consciousness (mam shes), (4) form and mind (ming dang gztigs), (5) the six senses (skye inched), (6) contact (reg pa), (7) feeling (tshor ba), (8) desire (sredpa), (9) craving (tenpa), (10) becoming (srid pa), (11) birth (skye ba), (12) aging and death (rga shi). TWOFOLD GOAL (don gnyis, Tib.). Enlightenment for oneself and the immediate and ultimate benefit of others.
gtum mo;TUMMO;tummo;Inner heat generated in the course of a certain yogic practice of the same name, belonging to the level of Anuyoga. TWELVE INTERDEPENDENT LINKS (rten 'brel, Tib.;pratityasamutpada, Skt.). The twelvefold chain of interdependent arising, which defines the whole round of samsaric experience. These are (1) ignorance (ma rig pa), (2) conditioning factors ('du byed), (3) consciousness (mam shes), (4) form and mind (ming dang gztigs), (5) the six senses (skye inched), (6) contact (reg pa), (7) feeling (tshor ba), (8) desire (sredpa), (9) craving (tenpa), (10) becoming (srid pa), (11) birth (skye ba), (12) aging and death (rga shi). TWOFOLD GOAL (don gnyis, Tib.). Enlightenment for oneself and the immediate and ultimate benefit of others.
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An essential instruction for the practice of tantra.
man ngag;UPADESHA;An essential instruction for the practice of tantra.
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Lit., Mighty Lotus Garlanded with Skulls. A name of Guru Padmasambhava.
pad ma thod 'phreng rtsal;PADMA THODRENGTSEL;padma thodrengtsel;Lit., Mighty Lotus Garlanded with Skulls. A name of Guru Padmasambhava.
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The lowest of the hot hells, according to Buddhist teaching, characterized by the most in-tense and protracted form of suffering.
mnar med;TORMENT UNSURPASSED;torment unsurpassed;Avici;The lowest of the hot hells, according to Buddhist teaching, characterized by the most in-tense and protracted form of suffering.
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A protector of the teachings. These normally nonhuman entities arc sometimes emanations of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, and sometimes local spirits, gods, or demons who have been subjugated by a great spiritual master and bound under oath. The harness-ing of their energy in the service of the Doctrine is considered to have played a decisive role in the preservation of the teachings from its begin-nings in Tibet until the present time. In the form of oracles, such as that of Nechung, for example, the dharmapalas continue to exert a direct influ-ence on Tibetan life.
chos skyong;DHARMAPALA;A protector of the teachings. These normally nonhuman entities arc sometimes emanations of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, and sometimes local spirits, gods, or demons who have been subjugated by a great spiritual master and bound under oath. The harness-ing of their energy in the service of the Doctrine is considered to have played a decisive role in the preservation of the teachings from its begin-nings in Tibet until the present time. In the form of oracles, such as that of Nechung, for example, the dharmapalas continue to exert a direct influ-ence on Tibetan life.
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Diamond Vehicle. Corpus of teach-ings and practices based on the tantras, scriptures that discourse upon the primordial purity of the mind. It is the vehicle of result, as opposed to the causal vehicle of Shravakas and Bodhisattvas. Synonym of Matitrayatia.
rdo rje theg pa;VAJRAYANA;Diamond Vehicle. Corpus of teach-ings and practices based on the tantras, scriptures that discourse upon the primordial purity of the mind. It is the vehicle of result, as opposed to the causal vehicle of Shravakas and Bodhisattvas. Synonym of Matitrayatia.
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Lit., the state beyond suffering. This term indicates the various levels of enlightenment as set forth in both the Shravakayana and Mahayana teachings.
myang 'das;NIRVANA;Lit., the state beyond suffering. This term indicates the various levels of enlightenment as set forth in both the Shravakayana and Mahayana teachings.
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A Sambhogakaya form of Buddha representing the union of the five Buddha Families. Also used as a title of respect for the lama, the spiritual master.
rdo rje 'chang;VAJRADHARA;A Sambhogakaya form of Buddha representing the union of the five Buddha Families. Also used as a title of respect for the lama, the spiritual master.
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In the Buddhist teachings, virtuous behav-ior is systematized into ten wholesome activities. Three concern the body and consist of the abstention from killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct; four concern the speech faculty and are to refrain from lying, divisive speech, violent and aggressive speech, and worthless chatter; three concern the mind and are to refrain from covetousness, ill-will, and wrong views.
dge ba bcu;TEN VIRTUES;ten virtues;In the Buddhist teachings, virtuous behav-ior is systematized into ten wholesome activities. Three concern the body and consist of the abstention from killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct;four concern the speech faculty and are to refrain from lying, divisive speech, violent and aggressive speech, and worthless chatter;three concern the mind and are to refrain from covetousness, ill-will, and wrong views.
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A kind of bird, in Indian and Tibetan my-thology, traditionally of great size, the chicks of which are said to emerge from the shell already equipped with feathers and able to fly immediately. It is a symbol of Primordial Wisdom.
khyung;GARUDA;A kind of bird, in Indian and Tibetan my-thology, traditionally of great size, the chicks of which are said to emerge from the shell already equipped with feathers and able to fly immediately. It is a symbol of Primordial Wisdom.
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A string of 108 beads used for counting during mantra recitation.
'phreng ba;MALA;A string of 108 beads used for counting during mantra recitation.
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Lit., Knowledge-Holder. A being of high spiritual attainment. According to the Nyingma tradition, there are four levels of Vidyadhara, corresponding to the ten levels of realization of the Sutrayana and the state of Buddhahood. They are (1) the Vidyadhara with residues, (2) the Vidyadhara with power over life, (3) the Mahamudra Vidyadhara, (4) the Spontaneous Vidyadhara.
rig 'dzin;VIDYADHARA;Lit., Knowledge-Holder. A being of high spiritual attainment. According to the Nyingma tradition, there are four levels of Vidyadhara, corresponding to the ten levels of realization of the Sutrayana and the state of Buddhahood. They are (1) the Vidyadhara with residues, (2) the Vidyadhara with power over life, (3) the Mahamudra Vidyadhara, (4) the Spontaneous Vidyadhara.
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In general, this term indicates the highest of all Buddha-fields. Akanishta is in fact divided into six levels, ranging from the highest heaven of the form realm up to the absolute pure land of the Dharmakaya.
'og min;AKANISHTA;In general, this term indicates the highest of all Buddha-fields. Akanishta is in fact divided into six levels, ranging from the highest heaven of the form realm up to the absolute pure land of the Dharmakaya.
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The Buddha-field of Guru Padmasambhava in Ngayab. See Ngayab
zangs mdog dpal ri;COPPER-COLORED MOUNTAIN;copper-colored mountain;The Buddha-field of Guru Padmasambhava in Ngayab. See Ngayab
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Five aspects of Buddha's mind, corre-lated with the Dhyani Buddhas of the five Families: the wisdom of the absolute space (Vairochana), mirror-like wisdom (Vajrasattva), the wisdom of equality (Ratnasambhava), all-perceiving wisdom (Amitabha), and all-accomplishing wisdom (Amoghasiddhi).
ye shes Inga;FIVE WISDOMS;five wisdoms;Five aspects of Buddha's mind, corre-lated with the Dhyani Buddhas of the five Families: the wisdom of the absolute space (Vairochana), mirror-like wisdom (Vajrasattva), the wisdom of equality (Ratnasambhava), all-perceiving wisdom (Amitabha), and all-accomplishing wisdom (Amoghasiddhi).
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The world of humans and animals inhabiting the earth's surface, the realm of the gods and spirits in the heavens above or the upper airs, and the kingdom of the nagas, etc., in the subterranean regions. Translated also as "three levels of the world."
sa gsum;THREE DIMENSIONS OF EXISTENCE;three dimensions of existence;The world of humans and animals inhabiting the earth's surface, the realm of the gods and spirits in the heavens above or the upper airs, and the kingdom of the nagas, etc., in the subterranean regions. Translated also as "three levels of the world."
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The vehicle of teachings based on the sutras, according to which beings possess the potential of Buddhahood, which must be gradually developed in order to be fully actualized. By contrast, the Vajrayana or tantra teachings work on the understanding that this Buddha-nature is fully perfect already with no need of development (for this reason it is known as the result vehicle). The purpose of the practice is to dispel the defilements that obscure it.
rgyu mtshan nyid kyi theg pa;CAUSAL VEHICLE;causal vehicle;The vehicle of teachings based on the sutras, according to which beings possess the potential of Buddhahood, which must be gradually developed in order to be fully actualized. By contrast, the Vajrayana or tantra teachings work on the understanding that this Buddha-nature is fully perfect already with no need of development (for this reason it is known as the result vehicle). The purpose of the practice is to dispel the defilements that obscure it.
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The ethical teachings of Buddhism, particularly in relation to the code of monastic discipline.
'dul ba;VINAYA;The ethical teachings of Buddhism, particularly in relation to the code of monastic discipline.
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The rainbow body, synonymous with the diamond body (rdo rje sku), is the name given to the attainment of Buddha-hood according to the practices of the Great Perfection of the Nyingma school. There are three kinds of rainbow body: the rainbow body so called (ja I us), the radiant body ('od sku), and the rainbow body of great transfer-ence (ja Ins 'pho ba chen po). The first is attained through the practice of Trekcho. When someone accomplished in this practice dies, his or her body will be seen to emit rainbow light and diminish (often very considerably) in size. After about a week, if left undisturbed, the body will disappear completely, leaving behind only hair and finger- and toenails. Yogis have demonstrated this attainment well into modern times, indeed the present day. The Radiant Body is accomplished through a Dzogchen practice called thogal, and at death the body is transformed directly into light, leaving behind no remainder whatever. In the case of the rainbow body of great transference (ja Itis \pho ba chen po), the accomplished practitioner trans-forms his physical body into an indestructible form composed of rainbow light and continues to live for centuries, remaining visible for as much this is of benefit for sentient beings. When there is no further purpose for such a manifestation, the practitioner dissolves his or her body into a radiant body and merges into the Primordial Ground.
'ja Ius;RAINBOW BODY;rainbow body;The rainbow body, synonymous with the diamond body (rdo rje sku), is the name given to the attainment of Buddha-hood according to the practices of the Great Perfection of the Nyingma school. There are three kinds of rainbow body: the rainbow body so called (ja I us), the radiant body ('od sku), and the rainbow body of great transfer-ence (ja Ins 'pho ba chen po). The first is attained through the practice of Trekcho. When someone accomplished in this practice dies, his or her body will be seen to emit rainbow light and diminish (often very considerably) in size. After about a week, if left undisturbed, the body will disappear completely, leaving behind only hair and finger- and toenails. Yogis have demonstrated this attainment well into modern times, indeed the present day. The Radiant Body is accomplished through a Dzogchen practice called thogal, and at death the body is transformed directly into light, leaving behind no remainder whatever. In the case of the rainbow body of great transference (ja Itis \pho ba chen po), the accomplished practitioner trans-forms his physical body into an indestructible form composed of rainbow light and continues to live for centuries, remaining visible for as much this is of benefit for sentient beings. When there is no further purpose for such a manifestation, the practitioner dissolves his or her body into a radiant body and merges into the Primordial Ground.
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One who has gained accomplishments through the practice of the Vajrayana.
grub thob;SIDDHA;One who has gained accomplishments through the practice of the Vajrayana.
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VAJRA CONCENTRATION;vajra concentration;See threefold concentration
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A central Asian race, probably the Uighurs, a nomadic people of Turkoman stock.
HORPA;horpa;A central Asian race, probably the Uighurs, a nomadic people of Turkoman stock.
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The collection of 108 volumes containing the canon of Buddhist scriptures embodying the teachings of the Buddha Shakyamuni.
bka 'gyur;KANGYUR;kangyur;The collection of 108 volumes containing the canon of Buddhist scriptures embodying the teachings of the Buddha Shakyamuni.
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These represent the fundamental practices of the Mahayana path. The six are Generosity, Ethical Discipline, Patience, Diligence, Concentration, and Wisdom. The ten consist of the six just mentioned but with the last perfection of wisdom broken down into the aspects of Means (thabs). Strength (stobs), Aspiration (smon lam), and Primordial Wisdom (ye shes). They are called transcendent because, in conjunction with wisdom, they lead beyond samsara.
pha rol tu phyin pa;PERFECTIONS;perfections;paramita;These represent the fundamental practices of the Mahayana path. The six are Generosity, Ethical Discipline, Patience, Diligence, Concentration, and Wisdom. The ten consist of the six just mentioned but with the last perfection of wisdom broken down into the aspects of Means (thabs). Strength (stobs), Aspiration (smon lam), and Primordial Wisdom (ye shes). They are called transcendent because, in conjunction with wisdom, they lead beyond samsara.
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Name of a Bodhisattva person-ifying the wisdom of all the Buddhas.
'jam dpal dbyangs;MANJUSHRI;Name of a Bodhisattva person-ifying the wisdom of all the Buddhas.
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An intermediary state. This term most often refers to the state separating death and subsequent rebirth.
bar do;BARDO;bardo;An intermediary state. This term most often refers to the state separating death and subsequent rebirth.
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lit. Boundless Life. An aspect of Buddha Amitabha, usually represented in Sambhogakaya form. Meditation on Amitayus prolongs life.
tshe dpag med;AMITAYUS;lit. Boundless Life. An aspect of Buddha Amitabha, usually represented in Sambhogakaya form. Meditation on Amitayus prolongs life.
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There are basically two kinds of hidden lands: those physically located on the earth's surface and those which exist in dimensions, so to speak, other than the present world, but which can be entered by certain individuals. Strictly speaking, the Tibetan word sbas yul or beyul refers only to the first kind, while the sccond kind arc normally referred to as Khacho (mkha spyod). Beyul are regions, secret valleys, etc., specially blessed and sealed by Guru Padmasambhava, and other beings of great spiritual attainment, as places of protection for the teachings in later times of decadence and peril. Except in the case of people with special karma and good fortune, they cannot be entered, or even perceived. HIGHER INSIGHT (lhag mthong, Tib.; vipashyana, Skt.). The perception of the ultimate nature of phenomena.
sbas yul;HIDDEN LAND;hidden land;There are basically two kinds of hidden lands: those physically located on the earth's surface and those which exist in dimensions, so to speak, other than the present world, but which can be entered by certain individuals. Strictly speaking, the Tibetan word sbas yul or beyul refers only to the first kind, while the sccond kind arc normally referred to as Khacho (mkha spyod). Beyul are regions, secret valleys, etc., specially blessed and sealed by Guru Padmasambhava, and other beings of great spiritual attainment, as places of protection for the teachings in later times of decadence and peril. Except in the case of people with special karma and good fortune, they cannot be entered, or even perceived. HIGHER INSIGHT (lhag mthong, Tib.;vipashyana, Skt.). The perception of the ultimate nature of phenomena.
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Five negative actions that are so grave that they provoke immediate descent into the lower realms after death. They are killing one's mother; killing one's father; killing an Arhat; with evil intention causing the blood of a Buddha to flow; and provoking a schism in the spiritual community. Whoever commits such an action is said to be reborn in the Hell of Torment Unsurpassed immediately after death, without even passing through the bardo state.
mtshams med Inga;SINS OF IMMEDIATE PERDITION;sins of immediate perdition;Five negative actions that are so grave that they provoke immediate descent into the lower realms after death. They are killing one's mother;killing one's father;killing an Arhat;with evil intention causing the blood of a Buddha to flow;and provoking a schism in the spiritual community. Whoever commits such an action is said to be reborn in the Hell of Torment Unsurpassed immediately after death, without even passing through the bardo state.
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yab yum;DEITIES AND THEIR CONSORTS;deities and their consorts
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One of the foremost disciples of Guru Padmasambhava. A great translator, monk, and siddha of the Nub clan whose main seat was Lhodrak Kharchu.
nam mkha'i snying;NAMKHAI NYINGPO;namkhai nyingpo;One of the foremost disciples of Guru Padmasambhava. A great translator, monk, and siddha of the Nub clan whose main seat was Lhodrak Kharchu.
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A dakini, usually of wrathful aspect; a kind of flesh-eating demoness.
ma mo;MAMO;mamo;A dakini, usually of wrathful aspect;a kind of flesh-eating demoness.
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Progressive stages in the generation stage of tantric practice, in the course of which yogis gradually identify themselves with the deity through visualization and the recitation of mantra.
english english=APPROACH AND ACCOMPLISHMENT
bsnyen sgrub;Progressive stages in the generation stage of tantric practice, in the course of which yogis gradually identify themselves with the deity through visualization and the recitation of mantra.
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MIRAGE-LIKE CONCENTRATION;mirage-like concentration;See threefold concentration
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A cup or bowl made from the top of a human skull. Kapalas are used in tantric ceremonies and symbolize non-attachment and the nonexistence of the ego.
thod phor;KAPALA;A cup or bowl made from the top of a human skull. Kapalas are used in tantric ceremonies and symbolize non-attachment and the nonexistence of the ego.
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A class of beings, superior to the human state, enjoying immense longevity, but not immortal. It is worth bearing in mind that in Sanskrit and Tibetan, deva and lha are technical terms commonly used to refer to the yidams and other deities in a mandala, the Buddha, the Guru, and any great figure such as a king. As Radhakrishnan points out, the term deva is associated with the act of giving, and there is no doubt a connection with this term and the words for giving in many Indo-European languages. The creator is termed deva because he "gives the universe," sun and moon are so called because they give light, the king because he gives protection, and the Buddha and the Guru because they give the Doctrine. The fact that gods or deities are often referred to in Tibetan Buddhism does not therefore imply that it is a species of polytheism.
lha;GOD;god;deva;A class of beings, superior to the human state, enjoying immense longevity, but not immortal. It is worth bearing in mind that in Sanskrit and Tibetan, deva and lha are technical terms commonly used to refer to the yidams and other deities in a mandala, the Buddha, the Guru, and any great figure such as a king. As Radhakrishnan points out, the term deva is associated with the act of giving, and there is no doubt a connection with this term and the words for giving in many Indo-European languages. The creator is termed deva because he "gives the universe," sun and moon are so called because they give light, the king because he gives protection, and the Buddha and the Guru because they give the Doctrine. The fact that gods or deities are often referred to in Tibetan Buddhism does not therefore imply that it is a species of polytheism.
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ORGYEN SAMBHA;orgyen sambha;Another name of Guru Padmasambhava.
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GENERATION AND PERFECTION;generation and perfection;See creation and perfection
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GREAT VEHICLE;great vehicle;See Mahayana
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This word has several levels of meaning. Most basically, it may be understood simply as a configuration, an intelligi-ble unit of space. The mandala of the deity, for example, is the sacred space at the center of which a wisdom deity is located. A mandala can also be understood as the arrangement of an offering and a powerful means of accumulating merit. It can take several forms, beginning with the offering of desirable objects, including one's own body, and extending to a symbolic offering of the entire universe and even the three kayas. The term is also used honorifically, as when speaking, for instance, of the mandala of the Guru's body.
MANDALA;This word has several levels of meaning. Most basically, it may be understood simply as a configuration, an intelligi-ble unit of space. The mandala of the deity, for example, is the sacred space at the center of which a wisdom deity is located. A mandala can also be understood as the arrangement of an offering and a powerful means of accumulating merit. It can take several forms, beginning with the offering of desirable objects, including one's own body, and extending to a symbolic offering of the entire universe and even the three kayas. The term is also used honorifically, as when speaking, for instance, of the mandala of the Guru's body.
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VAJRASANA;Vajra Seat. See Diamond Throne
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Body, feeling, perception, condi-tioning factors, and consciousness. These arc the constituting elements of the "personality." When they occur together, there arises the false impres-sion of a self existing separately as an independent entity.
phung po lnga;FIVE AGGREGATES;five aggregates;Body, feeling, perception, condi-tioning factors, and consciousness. These arc the constituting elements of the "personality." When they occur together, there arises the false impres-sion of a self existing separately as an independent entity.
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lit. Accomplishment of Purpose. The Buddha of the Activity Family, corresponding to all-accomplishing wisdom, which is the pure nature of the aggregate of conditioning factors and the affliction of jealousy. It is associated with the enlightened activity of forceful subjugation.
don yod grub pa;AMOGHASIDDHI;lit. Accomplishment of Purpose. The Buddha of the Activity Family, corresponding to all-accomplishing wisdom, which is the pure nature of the aggregate of conditioning factors and the affliction of jealousy. It is associated with the enlightened activity of forceful subjugation.
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In this text, this term refers not to regions of modern geography, but to the regions located around the vast universal mountain that, according the Buddhist cosmology, forms the central axis of one universal world system.
gling;CONTINENT;continent;In this text, this term refers not to regions of modern geography, but to the regions located around the vast universal mountain that, according the Buddhist cosmology, forms the central axis of one universal world system.
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The king of mountains and world-axis, ac-cording to the cosmology of ancient India. Around it are located the four continents and eight subcontinents, of which one universe is composed. All universes, of which there are an infinite number, are arranged in the same way.
ri rab;MOUNT MERU;mount meru;The king of mountains and world-axis, ac-cording to the cosmology of ancient India. Around it are located the four continents and eight subcontinents, of which one universe is composed. All universes, of which there are an infinite number, are arranged in the same way.
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Subtle energies circulating in the subtle channels of the body and acting as the vehicle of the essence-drops, the support of the mind.
rlung;ENERGIES,WIND-ENERGIES;energies,wind-energies;Subtle energies circulating in the subtle channels of the body and acting as the vehicle of the essence-drops, the support of the mind.
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Four types of activity performed by realized beings to help others and eliminate unfavorable circumstances: pacifying, increasing, attracting or magnetizing, and fierce subjugation.
phrin las bzhi;FOUR ACTIVITIES;four activities;Four types of activity performed by realized beings to help others and eliminate unfavorable circumstances: pacifying, increasing, attracting or magnetizing, and fierce subjugation.
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Sixty aspects of melodious speech, differently described in both sutra and tantra.
tshangs pa'i dbyangs kyi yan lag drug bcu;VOICE OF BRAHMA;voice of brahma;Sixty aspects of melodious speech, differently described in both sutra and tantra.
tshangs pa'i dbyangs kyi yan lag drug bcu
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A sphere or dimension manifested by a Buddha or great Bodhisattva, in which beings may abide and progress towards enlightenment without ever falling into lower states of existence. In fact, any place, viewed as the pure manifestation of spontaneous Wisdom, is a Buddha-field.
zhing khams;BUDDHA-FIELD;buddha-field;A sphere or dimension manifested by a Buddha or great Bodhisattva, in which beings may abide and progress towards enlightenment without ever falling into lower states of existence. In fact, any place, viewed as the pure manifestation of spontaneous Wisdom, is a Buddha-field.
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The Bodhisattvas Manjushri, Avalokita, and Vajrapani. In this context, the three Families are respectively those of the Buddha's Body, Speech, and Mind.
LORDS OF THE THREE FAMILIES;lords of the three families;The Bodhisattvas Manjushri, Avalokita, and Vajrapani. In this context, the three Families are respectively those of the Buddha's Body, Speech, and Mind.
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A level of spiritual attainment after which it is impossi-ble to fall again into the sufferings of samsara.
NONRETURNER;nonreturner;A level of spiritual attainment after which it is impossi-ble to fall again into the sufferings of samsara.
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The five subjects traditionally mastered by a pandita, namely: art and handicrafts, medicine, philology, logic, and philosophy.
rig Inga;FIVE SCIENCES;five sciences;The five subjects traditionally mastered by a pandita, namely: art and handicrafts, medicine, philology, logic, and philosophy.
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The community of all Dharma prac-titioners, from the ordinary beings up to the aryas, who have attained the path of Seeing and beyond.
dge 'dun;SANGHA;The community of all Dharma prac-titioners, from the ordinary beings up to the aryas, who have attained the path of Seeing and beyond.
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A class of dangerous, flesh-devouring nonhuman beings figuring in the Hindu and Buddhist worldview.
srin po;ORCS,OGRES,AND CANNIBALS;orcs,ogres,and cannibals;rakshasa;A class of dangerous, flesh-devouring nonhuman beings figuring in the Hindu and Buddhist worldview.
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A magical and powerful creature frequently figur-ing in the Buddhist and Hindu worldview. Nagas are associated with ser-pents and are said to inhabit the watery element or regions below the surface of the earth.
klu;NAGA;A magical and powerful creature frequently figur-ing in the Buddhist and Hindu worldview. Nagas are associated with ser-pents and are said to inhabit the watery element or regions below the surface of the earth.
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The utterly enlightened mind, pure, immutable, omnipresent, and unobstructed. It is symbolized in the form of a Buddha, naked and colored the deep blue of endless space. Samantabhadra is the origin of the tantric transmission of the Nyingma school.
kun tu bzang po;SAMADHI;The utterly enlightened mind, pure, immutable, omnipresent, and unobstructed. It is symbolized in the form of a Buddha, naked and colored the deep blue of endless space. Samantabhadra is the origin of the tantric transmission of the Nyingma school.
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The first of the three outer tantras, according to the Nyingma system of the nine vehicles, in which emphasis is placed on the purification of the body and speech.
bya rgyud;KRIYATANTRA;The first of the three outer tantras, according to the Nyingma system of the nine vehicles, in which emphasis is placed on the purification of the body and speech.
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LIGHT UNBOUNDED;light unbounded;See Amitabha
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Sovereign god of the Heaven of the Thirty-three, a celestial realm located in the world of desire. INITIATION. See empowerment
brgya byin;INDRA;Sovereign god of the Heaven of the Thirty-three, a celestial realm located in the world of desire. INITIATION. See empowerment
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dag pa'i zhing;PURE FIELD;pure field;See Buddha-field
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The Doctrine, or corpus of teachings given by the Buddha and other enlightened beings, which shows the path to Awakening. It has two aspects: the Dharma of transmission, namely the scriptures and teachings, and the Dharma of realization, the qualities re-sulting from the spiritual practice.
chos;DHARMA;The Doctrine, or corpus of teachings given by the Buddha and other enlightened beings, which shows the path to Awakening. It has two aspects: the Dharma of transmission, namely the scriptures and teachings, and the Dharma of realization, the qualities re-sulting from the spiritual practice.
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The feminine principle, wisdom or emptiness. See Great Mother; Prajnaparamita
yum;MOTHER;mother;The feminine principle, wisdom or emptiness. See Great Mother;Prajnaparamita
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In this context, a name given to partner in the practice of skillful means (see definition of third empowerment in the entry for empowerment). The karmamudra is the source of the wisdom of bliss-voidness.
las kyi phyag rgya;KARMAMUDRA;In this context, a name given to partner in the practice of skillful means (see definition of third empowerment in the entry for empowerment). The karmamudra is the source of the wisdom of bliss-voidness.
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dag pa'i zhing;PURE LAND;pure land;See Buddha-field
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A term indicating a country in which the Buddhadharma is proclaimed and practiced.
yul dbus;CENTRAL LAND;central land;A term indicating a country in which the Buddhadharma is proclaimed and practiced.
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One of the principal disciples of Shantarakshita, continu-ing his master's synthesis of the Madhyamika and Yogachara (ninth century).
KAMALASHILA;One of the principal disciples of Shantarakshita, continu-ing his master's synthesis of the Madhyamika and Yogachara (ninth century).
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According to Buddhist tradition, the first king of Tibet. He was of Indian origin and is credited with the construction of the first stone edifice in Tibet, the tower of Yumbulakhar.
NYATRI TSENPO;nyatri tsenpo;According to Buddhist tradition, the first king of Tibet. He was of Indian origin and is credited with the construction of the first stone edifice in Tibet, the tower of Yumbulakhar.
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Thirty-two major marks and eighty minor physical marks character-istic of a Buddha. These include the wheels that mark his palms and soles, golden hue of his body, copper-colored fingernails, among others.
mtshan dang dpe byed;GREAT AND LESSER MARKS OF ENLIGHTENMENT;great and lesser marks of enlightenment;Thirty-two major marks and eighty minor physical marks character-istic of a Buddha. These include the wheels that mark his palms and soles, golden hue of his body, copper-colored fingernails, among others.
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Lit., Indestructible Being. The Buddha of the Vajra Family, corresponding to the mirror-like wisdom that is the pure nature of the aggregate of consciousness and affliction of aver-sion, and is linked with the enlightened activity of pacifying.
rdo rje sems dpa';VAJRASATTVA;Lit., Indestructible Being. The Buddha of the Vajra Family, corresponding to the mirror-like wisdom that is the pure nature of the aggregate of consciousness and affliction of aver-sion, and is linked with the enlightened activity of pacifying.
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A heruka of the Vajra Family, repre-senting the mind aspect; one the main yidams of the Mahayoga tantra.
yang dag;VISHUDDHA;A heruka of the Vajra Family, repre-senting the mind aspect;one the main yidams of the Mahayoga tantra.
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Usually a generic term for a male yidam or meditational deity (generally wrathful or semiwrathful). In whatever form, a heruka is a representation of the ultimate nature of the mind.
HERUKA;Usually a generic term for a male yidam or meditational deity (generally wrathful or semiwrathful). In whatever form, a heruka is a representation of the ultimate nature of the mind.
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An Indian princess, the daughter of the king of Sahor, Mandarava became the disciple and spiritual consort of Guru Padmasambhava. Her father was outraged and condemned both of them to be burned to death. While they were on the blazing pyre, Guru Padmasambhava miraculously transformed it into a lotus pool (now renowned as the lake Tsopema at Rewalsar in India). This convinced the king of Padmasambhava's great wisdom and power, and he requested teachings and allowed his daughter the freedom to pursue her spiritual destiny. Mandarava went with Guru Padmasambhava as his consort to the great cave of Maratika (now in Nepalese territory) where they actualized the state of vidhyadhara of immortality. Mandarava remained in India but visited Tibet several times. MAN 1. See mantra of six syllables
MANDARAVA;An Indian princess, the daughter of the king of Sahor, Mandarava became the disciple and spiritual consort of Guru Padmasambhava. Her father was outraged and condemned both of them to be burned to death. While they were on the blazing pyre, Guru Padmasambhava miraculously transformed it into a lotus pool (now renowned as the lake Tsopema at Rewalsar in India). This convinced the king of Padmasambhava's great wisdom and power, and he requested teachings and allowed his daughter the freedom to pursue her spiritual destiny. Mandarava went with Guru Padmasambhava as his consort to the great cave of Maratika (now in Nepalese territory) where they actualized the state of vidhyadhara of immortality. Mandarava remained in India but visited Tibet several times. MAN 1. See mantra of six syllables
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The wheel or round of existence; the state of being unenlightened, in which the mind, enslaved by the three poisons of Desire, Anger, and Ignorance, moves uncontrolled from one state to another, passing through an endless stream of psychophysical experiences, all of which are characterized by suffering. See world of desire and six realms of samsara
'khor ba;SAMSARA;The wheel or round of existence;the state of being unenlightened, in which the mind, enslaved by the three poisons of Desire, Anger, and Ignorance, moves uncontrolled from one state to another, passing through an endless stream of psychophysical experiences, all of which are characterized by suffering. See world of desire and six realms of samsara
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Name of the palace of Guru Padmasamb-hava in his pure land, the Glorious Copper-Colored Mountain of Ngayab.
pad ma 'od;LOTUS LIGHT;lotus light;Name of the palace of Guru Padmasamb-hava in his pure land, the Glorious Copper-Colored Mountain of Ngayab.
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The Prajnaparamita, transcendent Wisdom, direct realization of emptiness, so called because such realization is the source or "mother" of Buddhahood.
yum chen mo;GREAT MOTHER;great mother;The Prajnaparamita, transcendent Wisdom, direct realization of emptiness, so called because such realization is the source or "mother" of Buddhahood.
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The name of the subcontinent lying to the south and west of the continent of Jambu (our world) according to Buddhist cosmology (see Mount Meru). It is here that the Buddha-field of Guru Rinpoche is located.
Chamara;NGAYAB;ngayab;The name of the subcontinent lying to the south and west of the continent of Jambu (our world) according to Buddhist cosmology (see Mount Meru). It is here that the Buddha-field of Guru Rinpoche is located.
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The experience of beings in samsara is traditionally schematized into six general categories, referred to as realms or worlds. They are the result of previous action or karma. None of these states is satisfactory, through the degree of suffering in them varies. The three upper or fortunate realms, where suffering is alleviated by tem-porary pleasures or where pleasure predominates, are the heavens of the mundane gods, the realms of the asuras or demigods, and the world of human beings. The three lower realms, in which suffering predominates over all other experiences, are those of the animals, the hungry ghosts, and the hells.
rigs drug;SIX REALMS OF SAMSARA;six realms of samsara;The experience of beings in samsara is traditionally schematized into six general categories, referred to as realms or worlds. They are the result of previous action or karma. None of these states is satisfactory, through the degree of suffering in them varies. The three upper or fortunate realms, where suffering is alleviated by tem-porary pleasures or where pleasure predominates, are the heavens of the mundane gods, the realms of the asuras or demigods, and the world of human beings. The three lower realms, in which suffering predominates over all other experiences, are those of the animals, the hungry ghosts, and the hells.
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Spiritual teacher, explained as the con-traction of bla na med pa, "nothing superior." The title is sometimes used loosely as a general term to denote a Buddhist monk or even anyone claim-ing to be a teacher. In the traditional context, however, the title is exclusively attributed to masters with great knowledge and high realization.
bla ma;Guru;LAMA;lama;Spiritual teacher, explained as the con-traction of bla na med pa, "nothing superior." The title is sometimes used loosely as a general term to denote a Buddhist monk or even anyone claim-ing to be a teacher. In the traditional context, however, the title is exclusively attributed to masters with great knowledge and high realization.
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A special three-pronged trident carried by tantric yogis and specifically by Guru Padmasambhava. No doubt in connection with the story given here of Tsogyal's being hidden in the Guru's trident, in representations of Guru Rinpoche, the katanga is re-garded as a symbol of the spiritual consort.
khatvanga;KATANGA;A special three-pronged trident carried by tantric yogis and specifically by Guru Padmasambhava. No doubt in connection with the story given here of Tsogyal's being hidden in the Guru's trident, in representations of Guru Rinpoche, the katanga is re-garded as a symbol of the spiritual consort.
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A deity of the Hindu pantheon, belonging, in the Buddhist system, to the world of form.
tshang pa;BRAHMA;A deity of the Hindu pantheon, belonging, in the Buddhist system, to the world of form.
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In this text, the terms empowerment and initiation are treated as synonyms. Of these two, initiation, though in many ways unsatisfactory, has the advantage of indicating that it is the point of entry into tantric practice. On the other hand, empowerment is closer to the Tibetan term, which refers to the transference of wisdom power, from master to disciple, allowing and enabling them to engage in the practice and to reap its fruit. In general, there are four levels of tantric empower-ment. The first is the Vase Empowerment, which purifies the defilements and obscurations associated with the body, grants the blessings of the Vajra Body, authorizes the disciple to practice the yogas of the generation stage, and enables him or her to attain the Nirmanakaya. The second is the Secret Empowerment. This purifies the defilements and obscurations of the speech faculty; grants the blessings of Vajra Speech; authorizes the disciple to practice the yogas of the perfection stage connected with the subtle channels, wind-energies, and essence of his own body; and enables the disciple to attain the Sambhogakaya. The third empowerment is the Wisdom Empowerment. This purifies the defilements and obscurations associated with the mind; grants the blessings of the Vajra Mind; authorizes the practice of yogas of the "Skillful Path," and enables the disciple to attain the Dharmakaya. The final empowerment, which is often simply referred to as "the Fourth Initiation," is the Precious Word Empowerment. This purifies the defilements of body, speech, and mind and all karmic and cognitive obscurations, grants the blessings of Primordial Wisdom, authorizes the disciple to engage in the practice of Dzogchen, and makes possible the attainment of the Svabhavikakaya. This is a simplification of a highly complex subject. It is perhaps worth pointing out that these empowerments only truly occur when the transition of spiritual power from the master is actually experienced by the disciple, who is thereby completely transformed. Failing that, which is of course the case for most people, empowerment does not, strictly speaking, occur. Empowerment ceremonies arc, in the vast majority of cases, symbolic; they are, so to speak, "sacramental blessings." These blessings are nevertheless important and in fact indispensable, in that they constitute an authorization for the practice and create auspicious links that prepare the disciple for the moment when real empowerment can take place. It goes without saying that in the case of Guru Rinpoche and Yeshe Tsogyal, the empower-ments were truly transmitted and received.
dbang;EMPOWERMENT;empowerment;In this text, the terms empowerment and initiation are treated as synonyms. Of these two, initiation, though in many ways unsatisfactory, has the advantage of indicating that it is the point of entry into tantric practice. On the other hand, empowerment is closer to the Tibetan term, which refers to the transference of wisdom power, from master to disciple, allowing and enabling them to engage in the practice and to reap its fruit. In general, there are four levels of tantric empower-ment. The first is the Vase Empowerment, which purifies the defilements and obscurations associated with the body, grants the blessings of the Vajra Body, authorizes the disciple to practice the yogas of the generation stage, and enables him or her to attain the Nirmanakaya. The second is the Secret Empowerment. This purifies the defilements and obscurations of the speech faculty;grants the blessings of Vajra Speech;authorizes the disciple to practice the yogas of the perfection stage connected with the subtle channels, wind-energies, and essence of his own body;and enables the disciple to attain the Sambhogakaya. The third empowerment is the Wisdom Empowerment. This purifies the defilements and obscurations associated with the mind;grants the blessings of the Vajra Mind;authorizes the practice of yogas of the "Skillful Path," and enables the disciple to attain the Dharmakaya. The final empowerment, which is often simply referred to as "the Fourth Initiation," is the Precious Word Empowerment. This purifies the defilements of body, speech, and mind and all karmic and cognitive obscurations, grants the blessings of Primordial Wisdom, authorizes the disciple to engage in the practice of Dzogchen, and makes possible the attainment of the Svabhavikakaya. This is a simplification of a highly complex subject. It is perhaps worth pointing out that these empowerments only truly occur when the transition of spiritual power from the master is actually experienced by the disciple, who is thereby completely transformed. Failing that, which is of course the case for most people, empowerment does not, strictly speaking, occur. Empowerment ceremonies arc, in the vast majority of cases, symbolic;they are, so to speak, "sacramental blessings." These blessings are nevertheless important and in fact indispensable, in that they constitute an authorization for the practice and create auspicious links that prepare the disciple for the moment when real empowerment can take place. It goes without saying that in the case of Guru Rinpoche and Yeshe Tsogyal, the empower-ments were truly transmitted and received.
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Tibetan deformation of the Sanskrit word acharya, teacher. By extension, the Tibetan word indicates any Indian.
ATSARA;Tibetan deformation of the Sanskrit word acharya, teacher. By extension, the Tibetan word indicates any Indian.
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the "Lord who Sees." Name of the Bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all the Buddhas. Avalokiteshvara, sometimes called Avalokita, is the Sambhogakaya emana-tion of the Buddha Amitabha.
spyan ras gzigs;AVALOKITESHVARA;the "Lord who Sees." Name of the Bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all the Buddhas. Avalokiteshvara, sometimes called Avalokita, is the Sambhogakaya emana-tion of the Buddha Amitabha.
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Also traditionally referred to as Khenpo Bodhisattva, the Bodhisattva Abbot. A great Indian master of Mahayana Buddhism, abbot of the university of Nalanda, invited to Tibet by King Trisong Detsen.
SHANTARAKSHITA;Also traditionally referred to as Khenpo Bodhisattva, the Bodhisattva Abbot. A great Indian master of Mahayana Buddhism, abbot of the university of Nalanda, invited to Tibet by King Trisong Detsen.
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The Dhyani Buddha of the Tathagata Family, corresponding to the wisdom of all-embracing space, which is the pure nature of the aggregate of form and affliction of bewilderment, and is linked with the spontaneous accomplishment of the four enlightened activities. See five Families
rnam par snang mdzad;VAIROCHANA;The Dhyani Buddha of the Tathagata Family, corresponding to the wisdom of all-embracing space, which is the pure nature of the aggregate of form and affliction of bewilderment, and is linked with the spontaneous accomplishment of the four enlightened activities. See five Families
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The first of the three inner tantras in the Nyingma system of nine vehicles. Here the emphasis is placed on the generation stage practices.
MAHAYOGA;The first of the three inner tantras in the Nyingma system of nine vehicles. Here the emphasis is placed on the generation stage practices.
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When not being used in an obviously metaphorical sense, this term refers either to a spirit or, symbolically, to obstacles on the path. The Demon of the Aggregates refers to the five skandhas (body, sensation, perception, conditioning factors, and consciousness) as described in Buddhist teaching as the basis for the imputation of the notion of "I," the personal self, which constitutes the root cause of suffering in samsara. The Demon of the Afflictions refers to defiled emotions such as attachment, anger, ignorance, pride, and jealousy, which are productive of suffering. The Demon Lord of Death refers not only to actual death but to the momentary transience of all phenomena, the nature of which is suffering. The Demon Son of Gods refers to mental wandering and the attachment to phenomena apprehended as really existent.
bdud;DEMON;demon;When not being used in an obviously metaphorical sense, this term refers either to a spirit or, symbolically, to obstacles on the path. The Demon of the Aggregates refers to the five skandhas (body, sensation, perception, conditioning factors, and consciousness) as described in Buddhist teaching as the basis for the imputation of the notion of "I," the personal self, which constitutes the root cause of suffering in samsara. The Demon of the Afflictions refers to defiled emotions such as attachment, anger, ignorance, pride, and jealousy, which are productive of suffering. The Demon Lord of Death refers not only to actual death but to the momentary transience of all phenomena, the nature of which is suffering. The Demon Son of Gods refers to mental wandering and the attachment to phenomena apprehended as really existent.
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Lit., a ritual gesture, sign, seal. There arc four types of mudra, which have numerous levels of meaning according to the context.
phyag rgya;MUDRA;Lit., a ritual gesture, sign, seal. There arc four types of mudra, which have numerous levels of meaning according to the context.
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Known also as Ubhaya or Charya-tantra. It exposes the philosophical view of the Yogatantra and the disci-pline of the Kriyatantra.
spyod rgyud;UPATANTRA;Known also as Ubhaya or Charya-tantra. It exposes the philosophical view of the Yogatantra and the disci-pline of the Kriyatantra.
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Lit. the Loving One. The Bodhisattva now dwelling in heaven of Tushita who will become the fifth Buddha of this age.
byams pa;MAITREYA;Lit. the Loving One. The Bodhisattva now dwelling in heaven of Tushita who will become the fifth Buddha of this age.
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The twenty-four countries, thirty-two lo-cations, and eight charnel grounds inhabited by dakas and dakinis. They have a psychophysical significance and are correlated with certain points of the subtle body.
SACRED LANDS AND PLACES;sacred lands and places;The twenty-four countries, thirty-two lo-cations, and eight charnel grounds inhabited by dakas and dakinis. They have a psychophysical significance and are correlated with certain points of the subtle body.
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lit. cutting, to cut. The name of a yogic practice based on the teaching of the Prajnaparamita, brought to Tibet by the Indian master Phadampa Sangye and propagated by the yogini Machig Lapdron. The goal of cho is the destruction of ego-clinging.
gcod;CHO;cho;lit. cutting, to cut. The name of a yogic practice based on the teaching of the Prajnaparamita, brought to Tibet by the Indian master Phadampa Sangye and propagated by the yogini Machig Lapdron. The goal of cho is the destruction of ego-clinging.
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Method of accomplishment. A tantric meditation practice involving visualization of a deity and the recitation of the associated mantra.
sgrub thabs;SADHANA;Method of accomplishment. A tantric meditation practice involving visualization of a deity and the recitation of the associated mantra.
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Tibetan king, father of the king Song-tsen Gampo.
gnam ri btsan po;NAMRI TSENPO;namri tsenpo;Tibetan king, father of the king Song-tsen Gampo.
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gsungs dbyangs yan lag drug bcu;SIXTY QUALITIES OF MELODIOUS SPEECH;sixty qualities of melodious speech
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sa gsum;THREE LEVELS OF THE WORLD;three levels of the world;See three dimensions of existence
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Four experiences, totally transcending ordi-nary pleasure, that are in essence wisdom. They form an aspect of the practices associated with the third initiation.
dga ba bzhi;FOUR JOYS;four joys;Four experiences, totally transcending ordi-nary pleasure, that are in essence wisdom. They form an aspect of the practices associated with the third initiation.
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The eight main yidam deities and sadhanas of the Mahayoga tantra. They are gshin rje gshed (Yamantaka—body), rta mgrin (Hayagriva—speech), yang dag (Vishuddha—mind), che mchog (Amrita—qualities), phur pa (Kila—activities), ma mo rbod gtong (or Lame Heruka), dmod pa drag sngags (or Tobden Nagpo), jig rten mchod bstod (or Drekpa Kundul). The last three sadhanas are connected with three classes of worldly deities (jig rten pa'i sde gsum).
sgrub pa bka' brgyad;EIGHT GREAT HERUKAS;eight great herukas;The eight main yidam deities and sadhanas of the Mahayoga tantra. They are gshin rje gshed (Yamantaka—body), rta mgrin (Hayagriva—speech), yang dag (Vishuddha—mind), che mchog (Amrita—qualities), phur pa (Kila—activities), ma mo rbod gtong (or Lame Heruka), dmod pa drag sngags (or Tobden Nagpo), jig rten mchod bstod (or Drekpa Kundul). The last three sadhanas are connected with three classes of worldly deities (jig rten pa'i sde gsum).
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feast or sacred feast. A ritual offering in tantric Buddhism in which food and drink are blessed as the elixir of wis-dom and offered to the yidam as well as to the deities of the mandala of one's own body.
tshogs;GANACHAKRA;feast or sacred feast. A ritual offering in tantric Buddhism in which food and drink are blessed as the elixir of wis-dom and offered to the yidam as well as to the deities of the mandala of one's own body.
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The supreme accomplishment is the attainment of Buddhahood. Or-dinary accomplishments are miraculous powers acquired in the course of spiritual training. These powers, the reality of which is also recognized in spiritual traditions other than Buddhism, are not regarded as ends in themselves. They are, nevertheless, taken as signs of progress and are em-ployed for the benefit of the teachings and disciples.
dngos grub;ACCOMPLISHMENTS,SUPREME AND ORDINARY;accomplishments,supreme and ordinary;Siddhi;The supreme accomplishment is the attainment of Buddhahood. Or-dinary accomplishments are miraculous powers acquired in the course of spiritual training. These powers, the reality of which is also recognized in spiritual traditions other than Buddhism, are not regarded as ends in themselves. They are, nevertheless, taken as signs of progress and are em-ployed for the benefit of the teachings and disciples.
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According to the teachings of the Mahay-ana, the transcendent reality of perfect Buddhahood is described in terms of two, three, four, or five bodies or kayas. The two bodies, in the first case, are the Dharmakaya, the Body of Truth, and the Rupakaya, the Body of Form. The Dharmakaya is the absolute, "emptiness" aspect of Buddhahood. The Rupakaya is subdivided (thus giving rise to the three bodies mentioned above) into the Sambhogakaya, the Body of Perfect Enjoyment, and the Nirmanakaya, the Body of Manifestation. The Sambhogakaya, the spontaneous clarity aspect of Buddhahood, is perceptible only to highly realized beings. The Nirmanakaya, compassion aspect, is perceptible to ordinary beings and appears in our world most often, though not necessarily, in human form. The system of four bodies consists of the three just referred to, together with the Svabhavikakaya, the Body of Suchness, which refers to the union of the previous three. Occasionally there is men-tion of five bodies—the three kayas together with the immutable diamond or vajra body (the indestructible aspect of Buddhahood) and the Body of Complete Enlightenment (aspect of qualities).
sku gsum;TRIKAYA;According to the teachings of the Mahay-ana, the transcendent reality of perfect Buddhahood is described in terms of two, three, four, or five bodies or kayas. The two bodies, in the first case, are the Dharmakaya, the Body of Truth, and the Rupakaya, the Body of Form. The Dharmakaya is the absolute, "emptiness" aspect of Buddhahood. The Rupakaya is subdivided (thus giving rise to the three bodies mentioned above) into the Sambhogakaya, the Body of Perfect Enjoyment, and the Nirmanakaya, the Body of Manifestation. The Sambhogakaya, the spontaneous clarity aspect of Buddhahood, is perceptible only to highly realized beings. The Nirmanakaya, compassion aspect, is perceptible to ordinary beings and appears in our world most often, though not necessarily, in human form. The system of four bodies consists of the three just referred to, together with the Svabhavikakaya, the Body of Suchness, which refers to the union of the previous three. Occasionally there is men-tion of five bodies—the three kayas together with the immutable diamond or vajra body (the indestructible aspect of Buddhahood) and the Body of Complete Enlightenment (aspect of qualities).
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lit. Foe-Destroyer. One who has vanquished the enemies of afflictive emotion and is thus definitively liberated from the sufferings of samsara. Arhatship is the goal of the teachings of the root vehicle, the Shravakayana.
dgra bcotn pa;lit. Foe-Destroyer. One who has vanquished the enemies of afflictive emotion and is thus definitively liberated from the sufferings of samsara. Arhatship is the goal of the teachings of the root vehicle, the Shravakayana.
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lit. Boundless Light. The Buddha of the Lotus Family corresponding to all-perceiving wis-dom, which is the pure nature of the aggregate of perception and the afflic-tion of desire. It is associated with the enlightened activity of attraction or magnetizing. See five Families
'od dpag med or snang ba mtha yas;AMITABHA;lit. Boundless Light. The Buddha of the Lotus Family corresponding to all-perceiving wis-dom, which is the pure nature of the aggregate of perception and the afflic-tion of desire. It is associated with the enlightened activity of attraction or magnetizing. See five Families
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btsan;TSEN;tsen;A powerful, wrathful spirit.
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Semen, blood, urine, excrement, and flesh. These substances, which are ordinarily regarded as repulsive, are transformed into the five nectars (and are so called) when their pure nature is realized.
dam tshig gi rdzas Inga;FIVE SUBSTANCES OF SAMAYA;five substances of samaya;Semen, blood, urine, excrement, and flesh. These substances, which are ordinarily regarded as repulsive, are transformed into the five nectars (and are so called) when their pure nature is realized.
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CENTRAL CHANNEL;central channel;avadhuti;See avadhuti
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King of Tibet (born ca. 173 CE) during whose reign the Buddhadharma first made its appearance in Tibet in the form of relics and Sanskrit texts of the Buddhist scriptures. While not understanding these writings, the king recognized their sacred character and respectfully pre-served them. The first Buddhist king of Tibet, Songtsen Gampo, appeared four generations later.
LHATHOTHORI;lhathothori;King of Tibet (born ca. 173 CE) during whose reign the Buddhadharma first made its appearance in Tibet in the form of relics and Sanskrit texts of the Buddhist scriptures. While not understanding these writings, the king recognized their sacred character and respectfully pre-served them. The first Buddhist king of Tibet, Songtsen Gampo, appeared four generations later.
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One of the most important sacred sites of Tibet, a temple built by the king Songtsan Gampo to the south of Lhasa.
khra 'brug;TRANDRUK;trandruk;One of the most important sacred sites of Tibet, a temple built by the king Songtsan Gampo to the south of Lhasa.
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lit. noble. A being who has transcended sam-saric existence. There are four classes of Aryas: Arhats, Pratyekabuddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Buddhas.
'phags pa;ARYA;lit. noble. A being who has transcended sam-saric existence. There are four classes of Aryas: Arhats, Pratyekabuddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Buddhas.
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A way of sitting, with legs crossed and feet placed on thighs, in which the body is placed in a state of equilibrium especially favorable to the practice of meditation.
rdo rje dkyil krung;VAJRA POSTURE;vajra posture;A way of sitting, with legs crossed and feet placed on thighs, in which the body is placed in a state of equilibrium especially favorable to the practice of meditation.
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Good karma, the positive energy generated by wholesome actions of body, speech, and mind.
bsod nam;MERIT;merit;Good karma, the positive energy generated by wholesome actions of body, speech, and mind.
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Lit., support of offerings. Symbolic represen-tation of the Buddha's mind. The most typical Buddhist monument, fre-quently containing the relics of enlightened beings and varying in size. It often has a square base, a rounded midsection, and a tall conical upper section topped by a sun and moon.
mchod rten;STUPA;Lit., support of offerings. Symbolic represen-tation of the Buddha's mind. The most typical Buddhist monument, fre-quently containing the relics of enlightened beings and varying in size. It often has a square base, a rounded midsection, and a tall conical upper section topped by a sun and moon.
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Womb. By extension, this term refers to the Dharmadhatu, emptiness.
BHAGA;Womb. By extension, this term refers to the Dharmadhatu, emptiness.
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The two principal phases of tantric practice. The creation (also referred to as "generation" and "development") stage (bskyed rim) involves meditation on appearances, sounds, and thoughts as deities, mantras, and wisdom, respectively. The perfection stage (rdzogs rim) refers to the dissolution of visualized forms into emptiness and the experience of this; it also indicates the meditation on the subtle channels, energies, and essence of the body.
CREATION AND PERFECTION;creation and perfection;The two principal phases of tantric practice. The creation (also referred to as "generation" and "development") stage (bskyed rim) involves meditation on appearances, sounds, and thoughts as deities, mantras, and wisdom, respectively. The perfection stage (rdzogs rim) refers to the dissolution of visualized forms into emptiness and the experience of this;it also indicates the meditation on the subtle channels, energies, and essence of the body.
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Practitioners linked together by tantric samaya.
rdo rje mched grogs;VAJRA KINDRED;vajra kindred;Practitioners linked together by tantric samaya.
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Centers of subtle wind-energies situated on the central channel of the body, the avadhuti.
'khor lo;CHAKRA;Centers of subtle wind-energies situated on the central channel of the body, the avadhuti.
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Tibetan poems, and various other forms of expostulation, are often preceded by exclamatory words or phrases indicative of the general tone and content of what is being said. For example, Emaho is an expression of wonder, Ho of courage and determination, while Kyema and Kyehii express grief.
KYEHO,KYEMA;kyeho,kyema;Tibetan poems, and various other forms of expostulation, are often preceded by exclamatory words or phrases indicative of the general tone and content of what is being said. For example, Emaho is an expression of wonder, Ho of courage and determination, while Kyema and Kyehii express grief.
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Transcendent knowledge, direct realization of emptiness, and thus the Mother of all the Buddhas. Referred to also as wisdom that has gone beyond.
shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa;PRAJNAPARAMITA;Transcendent knowledge, direct realization of emptiness, and thus the Mother of all the Buddhas. Referred to also as wisdom that has gone beyond.
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One who through compassion strives to attain the full enlightenment of Buddhahood for the sake of all beings. Bodhisattvas may be "ordinary" or "noble" (sometimes referred to as mundane and transmundane respectively), depending on whether they have attained the Mahayana Path of Seeing and are residing on one of the ten Bodhisattva grounds.
BODHISATTVA;One who through compassion strives to attain the full enlightenment of Buddhahood for the sake of all beings. Bodhisattvas may be "ordinary" or "noble" (sometimes referred to as mundane and transmundane respectively), depending on whether they have attained the Mahayana Path of Seeing and are residing on one of the ten Bodhisattva grounds.
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Gautama, the historical Buddha of our age, the founder of Buddhism.
SHAKYAMUNI;Gautama, the historical Buddha of our age, the founder of Buddhism.
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The expanse of ultimate reality, emptiness.
chos dbyings;DHARMADHATU;The expanse of ultimate reality, emptiness.
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In both the Mahayana and Hinayana (though differently in each case), progress towards enlightenment is described in terms of five paths or degrees of attainment. The paths are called, progressively, Accu-mulation, Joining, Seeing, Meditation, and No More Learning. Bodhisatt-vas on the Mahayana paths of Accumulation and Joining are referred to as "ordinary" or "mundane" since their practice has not yet brought them beyond samsara. Those on the levels of the Mahayana Path of Seeing and Meditation (in which emptiness is directly perceived) are called "noble" or "superior," i.e., Aryas. See also grounds
lam;PATH;path;In both the Mahayana and Hinayana (though differently in each case), progress towards enlightenment is described in terms of five paths or degrees of attainment. The paths are called, progressively, Accu-mulation, Joining, Seeing, Meditation, and No More Learning. Bodhisatt-vas on the Mahayana paths of Accumulation and Joining are referred to as "ordinary" or "mundane" since their practice has not yet brought them beyond samsara. Those on the levels of the Mahayana Path of Seeing and Meditation (in which emptiness is directly perceived) are called "noble" or "superior," i.e., Aryas. See also grounds
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On the relative level, this is the wish to attain Buddhahood for the sake of all sentient beings, together with the practice necessary to accomplish this. On the absolute level, it is nondual wisdom, the ultimate nature of the mind, and the true status of all phenomena. In certain tantric contexts, it refers to the essential physical substance that is the support of the mind.
byang chub kyi sems;BODHICHITTA;On the relative level, this is the wish to attain Buddhahood for the sake of all sentient beings, together with the practice necessary to accomplish this. On the absolute level, it is nondual wisdom, the ultimate nature of the mind, and the true status of all phenomena. In certain tantric contexts, it refers to the essential physical substance that is the support of the mind.
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Bodhgaya in India, where the Buddha Shakyamuni attained enlightenment beneath the Bodhi tree.
rdo rje gdan;DIAMOND THRONE;diamond throne;Vajrasana;Bodhgaya in India, where the Buddha Shakyamuni attained enlightenment beneath the Bodhi tree.
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Female yidam deity, usually depicted with a sow's head protruding from the crown of her head. She is the Sambhogakaya form of Samantabhadri.
rdo rje phag mo;VAJRAVARAHI;Female yidam deity, usually depicted with a sow's head protruding from the crown of her head. She is the Sambhogakaya form of Samantabhadri.
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Also called Oddiyana, a country to the northwest of ancient India, nowadays identified as the Swat Valley in Kashmir. It was here that Guru Padmasambhava was born.
ORGYEN;orgyen;Also called Oddiyana, a country to the northwest of ancient India, nowadays identified as the Swat Valley in Kashmir. It was here that Guru Padmasambhava was born.
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The subtle central channel of the body into which, by means of the practice of the perfection stage (rdzogs rim), the subtle wind-energies are gathered, a process that gives rise to nondual wisdom. By extension, the term avadhuti is often used loosely to indicate nondual wisdom.
rtsa dbu ma;AVADHUTI;The subtle central channel of the body into which, by means of the practice of the perfection stage (rdzogs rim), the subtle wind-energies are gathered, a process that gives rise to nondual wisdom. By extension, the term avadhuti is often used loosely to indicate nondual wisdom.
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The female deity of art, science, music, and speech, traditionally regarded as the original teacher of the Sanskrit language.
dbyangs can ma;SARASVATI;The female deity of art, science, music, and speech, traditionally regarded as the original teacher of the Sanskrit language.
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According to the level of the teaching, a female Sambhogakaya or Bodhisattva, manifestation of great compassion, displaying peaceful and wrathful forms. The most well known and practiced are green and white Tara. "Tara of the Seven Eyes," mentioned in the first chapter, is a reference to White Tara, who is always depicted with a third eye in her forehead and eyes on the palms of her hands and feet, symbolic of her all-seeing compassion.
sgrol ma;TARA;According to the level of the teaching, a female Sambhogakaya or Bodhisattva, manifestation of great compassion, displaying peaceful and wrathful forms. The most well known and practiced are green and white Tara. "Tara of the Seven Eyes," mentioned in the first chapter, is a reference to White Tara, who is always depicted with a third eye in her forehead and eyes on the palms of her hands and feet, symbolic of her all-seeing compassion.
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THREE DOORS;three doors;Body, speech, and mind.
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A form of a Buddha used as a support in meditation in the Mantrayana. Such deities may be masculine or feminine, peaceful or wrathful, and are regarded as being inseparable from the mind of the meditator.
yi dam;YIDAM DEITY;yidam deity;A form of a Buddha used as a support in meditation in the Mantrayana. Such deities may be masculine or feminine, peaceful or wrathful, and are regarded as being inseparable from the mind of the meditator.
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Buddhist scripture, a transcribed discourse of the Buddha. There are Mahayana sutras and Hinayana or Shravakayana sutras.
mdo;SUTRA;Buddhist scripture, a transcribed discourse of the Buddha. There are Mahayana sutras and Hinayana or Shravakayana sutras.
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The third major Buddhist king of Tibet. He lived in the eleventh century and instigated the systematization of Tibetan grammar and vocabulary for the purposes of translation of texts from Sanskrit. He was assassinated by his brother Lang Darma. He is said to have been a manifestation of the Bodhisattva Vajrapani.
khri ralpa can;TRI RALPACHEN;tri ralpachen;The third major Buddhist king of Tibet. He lived in the eleventh century and instigated the systematization of Tibetan grammar and vocabulary for the purposes of translation of texts from Sanskrit. He was assassinated by his brother Lang Darma. He is said to have been a manifestation of the Bodhisattva Vajrapani.
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The primordial state of the mind, clear, awake, free from grasping: the union of emptiness and clarity.
rig pa;AWARENESS;awareness;The primordial state of the mind, clear, awake, free from grasping: the union of emptiness and clarity.
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Lit., beyond imagination. The complex of temples built by the king Trisong Detsen beside the Tsangpo River near Hepori in Central Tibet.
bsam yas;SAMYE;samye;Lit., beyond imagination. The complex of temples built by the king Trisong Detsen beside the Tsangpo River near Hepori in Central Tibet.
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One of the ordinary accomplishments. The yogic ability to travel great distances extremely quickly and without fatigue.
rkang mgyogs;FLEET-FOOT;fleet-foot;One of the ordinary accomplishments. The yogic ability to travel great distances extremely quickly and without fatigue.
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Earth, air, fire, water, and space, the principles of solidity, movement, heat, liquidity, and unobstructiveness.
'byung ba Inga;FIVE ELEMENTS;five elements;Earth, air, fire, water, and space, the principles of solidity, movement, heat, liquidity, and unobstructiveness.
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Grounded in the realization of emptiness, and cultivated on the Path of Seeing and above, unfailing memory is one of the characteristics of the highest attainment. Generally speaking, one can distinguish eight (in this text seven) different powers of unfailing memory, such as the power to give an explanation of and teaching on one word for an infinite length of time.
UNFAILING MEMORY;unfailing memory;gzungs;gzungs;Grounded in the realization of emptiness, and cultivated on the Path of Seeing and above, unfailing memory is one of the characteristics of the highest attainment. Generally speaking, one can distinguish eight (in this text seven) different powers of unfailing memory, such as the power to give an explanation of and teaching on one word for an infinite length of time.
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The Great Vehicle, the tradition of Buddhism practiced mostly in the countries of northern Asia, China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Tibet, and the Himalayan regions. The characteristic of Mahayana is universal compassion and the desire to deliver all sentient beings from suffering and its causes. To this purpose, the goal of the Mahayana is the attainment of the supreme enlightenment of Buddhahood, and the path consists of the practice of the six paramitas. On the philosophical level, the Mahayana comprises two principal schools, Madhyamika and Chittamatra or Yogachara. The Vajrayana, the tantric teachings of Buddhism, is also a branch of the Mahayana.
theg pa chen po;MAHAYANA;The Great Vehicle, the tradition of Buddhism practiced mostly in the countries of northern Asia, China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Tibet, and the Himalayan regions. The characteristic of Mahayana is universal compassion and the desire to deliver all sentient beings from suffering and its causes. To this purpose, the goal of the Mahayana is the attainment of the supreme enlightenment of Buddhahood, and the path consists of the practice of the six paramitas. On the philosophical level, the Mahayana comprises two principal schools, Madhyamika and Chittamatra or Yogachara. The Vajrayana, the tantric teachings of Buddhism, is also a branch of the Mahayana.
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The Great Seal, i.e., the seal of emptiness on all phenomena. It refers both to the path (teaching and practice of the Mahamudra) and the result (accomplishment of Mahamudra). Mahamudra is comparable to the Nyingma teachings of Dzogchen, from which it is, however, subtly different. MAHASIDDHA, Skt. (grub thob chen po, Tib.). See Siddha
phyag rgya chen po;MAHAMUDRA;The Great Seal, i.e., the seal of emptiness on all phenomena. It refers both to the path (teaching and practice of the Mahamudra) and the result (accomplishment of Mahamudra). Mahamudra is comparable to the Nyingma teachings of Dzogchen, from which it is, however, subtly different. MAHASIDDHA, Skt. (grub thob chen po, Tib.). See Siddha
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The ancient tradition. The first and mother school of Tibetan Buddhism, so called in contrast with the subsequent schools founded at a later date.
rnying ma;NYINGMA;nyingma;The ancient tradition. The first and mother school of Tibetan Buddhism, so called in contrast with the subsequent schools founded at a later date.
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A wrathful manifestation of Guru Padmasambhava.
rdo rje gro lod;DORJE DROLO;dorje drolo;A wrathful manifestation of Guru Padmasambhava.
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A title of Avalok-iteshvara, the Bodhisattva of compassion; the Sambhogakaya aspect of the Buddha Amitabha, of whom Guru Rinpoche is himself the Nirmanakaya aspect.
thugs rje chenpo;GREAT COMPASSIONATE ONE;great compassionate one;A title of Avalok-iteshvara, the Bodhisattva of compassion;the Sambhogakaya aspect of the Buddha Amitabha, of whom Guru Rinpoche is himself the Nirmanakaya aspect.
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Consort of Samantabhadra, symbol of emptiness.
kun tu bzang mo;SAMANTABHADRI;Consort of Samantabhadra, symbol of emptiness.
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Action; the psychophysical principle of cause and effect (las rgyu 'bras), according to which all existential states arise as the result of previous action. Actions that result in the experience of happiness are defined as virtuous; actions that give rise to suffering are nonvirtuous.
las;KARMA;karma;KARMA;Action;the psychophysical principle of cause and effect (las rgyu 'bras), according to which all existential states arise as the result of previous action. Actions that result in the experience of happiness are defined as virtuous;actions that give rise to suffering are nonvirtuous.
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Pronounced with the stress on the first syllable: dakini. A feminine personification of Wisdom. A distinction is made between wisdom dakinis who are fully enlightened, and "ordinary" or "worldly" dakinis, who, though not fully enlightened, nevertheless pos-sess spiritual power. In Tibetan, the term is used as a title of respect for highly realized yoginis.
mkha 'gro;DAKINI;Pronounced with the stress on the first syllable: dakini. A feminine personification of Wisdom. A distinction is made between wisdom dakinis who are fully enlightened, and "ordinary" or "worldly" dakinis, who, though not fully enlightened, nevertheless pos-sess spiritual power. In Tibetan, the term is used as a title of respect for highly realized yoginis.
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rdzogs chen;DZOGCHEN;dzogchen;See Great Perfection
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mdzo;DZO;dzo;A cross between a yak and a cow.
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chos nyid;DHARMATA;The ultimate nature of phenomena.
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One who hears the teachings of the Buddha, transmits them to others, and practices them. The characteristic goal of the Shravaka is Arhatship, a personal, individual liberation from samsara, rather than the perfect enlightenment of Buddhahood for the sake of all beings. Shravakas are practitioners of the Hinayana or Root Vehicle, hence Shravakayana.
nyan thos;SHRAVAKA;One who hears the teachings of the Buddha, transmits them to others, and practices them. The characteristic goal of the Shravaka is Arhatship, a personal, individual liberation from samsara, rather than the perfect enlightenment of Buddhahood for the sake of all beings. Shravakas are practitioners of the Hinayana or Root Vehicle, hence Shravakayana.
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On the external level, this is regarded as the quintessential element of the physical body. On the subtle level, the term is used to refer to the "absolute bodhichitta," in other words, the nature of the mind. FELICITY, GREAT. See Great Bliss
thig le;ESSENCE,ESSENCE-DROP;essence,essence-drop;On the external level, this is regarded as the quintessential element of the physical body. On the subtle level, the term is used to refer to the "absolute bodhichitta," in other words, the nature of the mind. FELICITY, GREAT. See Great Bliss
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A ritual implement somewhat resembling a dag-ger or peg. Also the Tibetan name of the yidam Vajrakila or Vajrakumara.
phur ba;PHURBA;phurba;A ritual implement somewhat resembling a dag-ger or peg. Also the Tibetan name of the yidam Vajrakila or Vajrakumara.
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The focus or object of a practitioner's devotion, offerings, and prayers, whereby merit and wisdom are accumu-lated on the path towards enlightenment.
tshogs zhing;FIELD OF MERIT;field of merit;The focus or object of a practitioner's devotion, offerings, and prayers, whereby merit and wisdom are accumu-lated on the path towards enlightenment.
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The ten levels of Bodhisattva realization in Mahayana Buddhism, covering the paths of Seeing and Meditation. GURU SENGE DRADOK. One of the eight manifestations of Padmasamb-hava.
sa;GROUND;ground;bhumi;The ten levels of Bodhisattva realization in Mahayana Buddhism, covering the paths of Seeing and Meditation. GURU SENGE DRADOK. One of the eight manifestations of Padmasamb-hava.
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A text elucidating the meaning of a tantra.
lung;AGAMA;A text elucidating the meaning of a tantra.
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THREE FAMILIES;three families;See Lords of the three Families
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The highest philosophical view of Mahayana Buddhism, propounded by Nagarjuna in the second century CE.
dbu ma;MADHYAMIKA;The highest philosophical view of Mahayana Buddhism, propounded by Nagarjuna in the second century CE.
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A time sequence comprising the four phases of formation, duration, and dissolution of a universal system, together with the period of voidness preceding the formation of the subsequent system.
bskal pa;KALPA;A time sequence comprising the four phases of formation, duration, and dissolution of a universal system, together with the period of voidness preceding the formation of the subsequent system.
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dge slong;BHIKSHU;A fully ordained monk.
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A categorization of samsaric exis-tence: (i) the world of desire, consisting of the six realms, from the hells up to the first six spheres of the god realm, (2) the divine realm of form, and (3) the divine realm of nonform.
khams gsum;THREE WORLDS;three worlds;A categorization of samsaric exis-tence: (i) the world of desire, consisting of the six realms, from the hells up to the first six spheres of the god realm, (2) the divine realm of form, and (3) the divine realm of nonform.
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An important pairing in Mahayana Buddhism. It refers to the wisdom (shes rah) of emptiness, and the voidness aspect of phenomena, together with the skillful means (thabs) of compas-sion, and the appearance aspect of phenomena. Skillful means and wisdom are indissociable.
SKILLFUL MEANS AND WISDOM;skillful means and wisdom;An important pairing in Mahayana Buddhism. It refers to the wisdom (shes rah) of emptiness, and the voidness aspect of phenomena, together with the skillful means (thabs) of compas-sion, and the appearance aspect of phenomena. Skillful means and wisdom are indissociable.
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Lit., Source of Jewels. The Buddha of the Jewel Family, corresponding to the wisdom of equality, which is the pure nature of the aggregate of feeling and affliction of pride, and is linked with the enlightened activity of increase.
rin chen 'byung gnas;RATNASAMBHAVA;Lit., Source of Jewels. The Buddha of the Jewel Family, corresponding to the wisdom of equality, which is the pure nature of the aggregate of feeling and affliction of pride, and is linked with the enlightened activity of increase.
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The most important practice in tantric Buddhism, consisting of the visualization of the Guru, prayers and requests for blessing, the reception of these blessings, and the merging of the mind with the Guru's enlightened wisdom mind. HAYAGRIVA, Skt. (rta mgrin, Tib.). Wrathful yidam of the Lotus Family. HEARER (nyan thos, Tib.). See Shravaka
bla ma'i rnal 'byor;GURU YOGA;guru yoga;GURU YOGA;The most important practice in tantric Buddhism, consisting of the visualization of the Guru, prayers and requests for blessing, the reception of these blessings, and the merging of the mind with the Guru's enlightened wisdom mind. HAYAGRIVA, Skt. (rta mgrin, Tib.). Wrathful yidam of the Lotus Family. HEARER (nyan thos, Tib.). See Shravaka
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The crown protuberance that is a mark of Buddhahood and is to be seen on all traditional representations of the Buddha in more or less realistic or stylized form.
gtsug tor;USHNISHA;The crown protuberance that is a mark of Buddhahood and is to be seen on all traditional representations of the Buddha in more or less realistic or stylized form.
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Hungry ghosts, spirits tormented by lack of nourishment. The pretas constitute one of the six classes of beings in samsara.
yi dvags;PRETAS;Hungry ghosts, spirits tormented by lack of nourishment. The pretas constitute one of the six classes of beings in samsara.
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Lit., One Who Has Gone to, and Proceeds in, Bliss. An epithet of the Buddhas.
bde bar gshegs pa;SUGATA;Lit., One Who Has Gone to, and Proceeds in, Bliss. An epithet of the Buddhas.
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In the system of nine vehicles used in the Nyingma tradi-tion, the second of the inner sections of tantra. In Anuyoga, emphasis is placed on the perfection stage of tantric practice. This is characterized by the experience of emptiness and meditation on the subtle channels, ener-gies, and essence of the physical body.
ANUYOGA;In the system of nine vehicles used in the Nyingma tradi-tion, the second of the inner sections of tantra. In Anuyoga, emphasis is placed on the perfection stage of tantric practice. This is characterized by the experience of emptiness and meditation on the subtle channels, ener-gies, and essence of the physical body.
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lit. nectar of immortality, sometimes trans-lated as "ambrosia." A substance (liquid or solid) prepared with the help of tantric rituals. It symbolizes Wisdom.
bdud rtsi;AMRITA;lit. nectar of immortality, sometimes trans-lated as "ambrosia." A substance (liquid or solid) prepared with the help of tantric rituals. It symbolizes Wisdom.
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A general term referring to the six samsaric realms: hells, world of hungry ghosts, animals, humans, asuras, and the first six levels of the divine abodes of the gods.
'dod khams;WORLD OF DESIRE;world of desire;A general term referring to the six samsaric realms: hells, world of hungry ghosts, animals, humans, asuras, and the first six levels of the divine abodes of the gods.
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The last and highest of the inner tantras, the summit of the system of nine vehicles according to the Nyingma classification. See also Great Perfection
ATI,ATIYOGA;The last and highest of the inner tantras, the summit of the system of nine vehicles according to the Nyingma classification. See also Great Perfection
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A mythical lotus, extremely large and rare. It is said to flower only once in a single kalpa.
UDUMBARA;A mythical lotus, extremely large and rare. It is said to flower only once in a single kalpa.
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Pure awareness, spontaneously present in the minds of beings from beginningless time.
ye shes;WISDOM,PRIMAL;wisdom,primal;Pure awareness, spontaneously present in the minds of beings from beginningless time.
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The Bodhisattva who personifies the Mind of all the Buddhas.
phyag na rdo rje;VAJRAPANI;The Bodhisattva who personifies the Mind of all the Buddhas.
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The three highest forms of concentra-tion cultivated by Bodhisattvas and begun on the path of Seeing. Mirage-Like concentration (sgyu ma Ita btt'i ling nge 'dzin) is an absorption in which the Bodhisattvas on the seven impure grounds perceive all phenomena as illusory. The concentration of heroic fearlessness (dpa bar 'gro bai ting nge 'dzin), which is possessed by Bodhisattvas on the pure grounds, eliminates all obstructions to enlightened activity. The vajra-like concentration (rdo rje Ita bui ting nge 'dzin) eliminates the most subtle obscurations veiling the perfect state of Buddhahood. It is virtually synonymous with the enlightenment itself, for only the Bodhisattvas who are at the very end of the tenth ground possess it.
THREEFOLD CONCENTRATION;threefold concentration;The three highest forms of concentra-tion cultivated by Bodhisattvas and begun on the path of Seeing. Mirage-Like concentration (sgyu ma Ita btt'i ling nge 'dzin) is an absorption in which the Bodhisattvas on the seven impure grounds perceive all phenomena as illusory. The concentration of heroic fearlessness (dpa bar 'gro bai ting nge 'dzin), which is possessed by Bodhisattvas on the pure grounds, eliminates all obstructions to enlightened activity. The vajra-like concentration (rdo rje Ita bui ting nge 'dzin) eliminates the most subtle obscurations veiling the perfect state of Buddhahood. It is virtually synonymous with the enlightenment itself, for only the Bodhisattvas who are at the very end of the tenth ground possess it.
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The innermost teachings of the pith-instruction section of Dzogpa Chenpo, or Great Perfection. OATH-BOUND. See dharmapala ODDIYANA. See Orgyen
snying thig;NYINGTIK;nyingtik;The innermost teachings of the pith-instruction section of Dzogpa Chenpo, or Great Perfection. OATH-BOUND. See dharmapala ODDIYANA. See Orgyen
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The principal yidam of the Nyingma school. Vajrakila or Vajrakilaya is a wrathful manifcstion of Vajrasattva.
rdo rje phur ba;VAJRAKILA;The principal yidam of the Nyingma school. Vajrakila or Vajrakilaya is a wrathful manifcstion of Vajrasattva.
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One of the greatest masters and panditas of Indian Buddhism who brought the Dzogchen teachings to Tibet.
dri med bshes gnyeti;VIMALAMITRA;One of the greatest masters and panditas of Indian Buddhism who brought the Dzogchen teachings to Tibet.
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The five Buddha Families, namely: Tathagata, Vajra, Jewel, Lotus, and Action. These represent five aspects of Buddhahood. They are presided over by the Dhyani Buddhas, who are generally depicted in a mandala arrangement as follows: blue Vairochana in the center (Tathagata), white Vajrasattva in the east (Vajra), yellow Rat-nasambhava in the south (Jewel), red Amitabha in the west (Lotus), and green Amoghasiddhi in the north (Action).
rigs Inga;FIVE FAMILIES;five families;The five Buddha Families, namely: Tathagata, Vajra, Jewel, Lotus, and Action. These represent five aspects of Buddhahood. They are presided over by the Dhyani Buddhas, who are generally depicted in a mandala arrangement as follows: blue Vairochana in the center (Tathagata), white Vajrasattva in the east (Vajra), yellow Rat-nasambhava in the south (Jewel), red Amitabha in the west (Lotus), and green Amoghasiddhi in the north (Action).
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Four spiritual powers ruling over a celestial realm situated in the world of desire. They are associated with the four cardinal directions, of which they arc considered to be the guardians.
FOUR GREAT KINGS;four great kings;Four spiritual powers ruling over a celestial realm situated in the world of desire. They are associated with the four cardinal directions, of which they arc considered to be the guardians.
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The third part of the Tripitaka, the "three baskets." The Abhidharma is the corpus of texts expounding Bud-dhist metaphysical teaching.
mngon pa;ABHIDHARMA;The third part of the Tripitaka, the "three baskets." The Abhidharma is the corpus of texts expounding Bud-dhist metaphysical teaching.
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A female wisdom protector of the tantric teachings, an emanation of Samantabhadri. See dharmapala
Ekajati;EKADZATI;ekadzati;A female wisdom protector of the tantric teachings, an emanation of Samantabhadri. See dharmapala
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Lit., Lotus-Born. The Indian Master of the Mantras who is said to be been born miraculously, appearing in a lotus flower in the land of Orgyen. He was predicted by the Buddha Shakyamuni in several sutras and tantras. In the ninth century and at the invitation of King Trisong Detsen, he quelled the forces ob-structing the spread of Buddhism in Tibet and introduced and nurtured there the teachings of the Vajrayana. Some of his other names mentioned in this text are Lotus Guru, Guru Rinpoche or Precious Guru, Precious Master, Guru Drakpo, Guru or Lord of Orgyen, Master of Orgyen, Orgyen Sambha, Guru Senge Dradok, Dorje Drolo, Padma Thodrengtsel. For the detailed story of his life, see The Lotus-Bom: The Life Story oj Padmasambhava, by Yeshe Tsogyal (Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, 1993).
pad ma 'byung gnas;PADMASAMBHAVA;padmasambhava;Lit., Lotus-Born. The Indian Master of the Mantras who is said to be been born miraculously, appearing in a lotus flower in the land of Orgyen. He was predicted by the Buddha Shakyamuni in several sutras and tantras. In the ninth century and at the invitation of King Trisong Detsen, he quelled the forces ob-structing the spread of Buddhism in Tibet and introduced and nurtured there the teachings of the Vajrayana. Some of his other names mentioned in this text are Lotus Guru, Guru Rinpoche or Precious Guru, Precious Master, Guru Drakpo, Guru or Lord of Orgyen, Master of Orgyen, Orgyen Sambha, Guru Senge Dradok, Dorje Drolo, Padma Thodrengtsel. For the detailed story of his life, see The Lotus-Bom: The Life Story oj Padmasambhava, by Yeshe Tsogyal (Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, 1993).
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This refers to the four enlightened Families of Vajra, Jewel, Lotus, and Action, corresponding to the four types of activity.
DAKINIS OF THE FOUR CLASSES;dakinis of the four classes;This refers to the four enlightened Families of Vajra, Jewel, Lotus, and Action, corresponding to the four types of activity.
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DIAMOND BODY or VAJRA BODY;diamond body or vajra body;See Trikaya;rainbow body
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A scholar, someone learned in the five traditional sciences. See five sciences
PANDITA;A scholar, someone learned in the five traditional sciences. See five sciences
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srin po;RAKSHASAS;See ores, ogres, and cannibals
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A member of a class of nonhuman beings said to be nourished on smells. They are renowned for their beauty and generally associated with music.
dri za;GANDHARVA;A member of a class of nonhuman beings said to be nourished on smells. They are renowned for their beauty and generally associated with music.
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A Himalayan region corresponding more or less to modern Bhutan with the addition of certain contiguous regions in Tibet itself.
MON;mon;A Himalayan region corresponding more or less to modern Bhutan with the addition of certain contiguous regions in Tibet itself.
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