Descriptive of actions or states in which the three concepts of subject, object, and action are present, and which are therefore tainted by defilements, so that they cannot lead to liberation from saṃsāra. +
A follower of the Lesser Vehicle whose goal is to attain liberation for themselves as an arhat. The listeners are so called because they listen to the Buddha’s teaching and then teach it to others. +
Also called sublime being. An epithet applied, in the Great Vehicle, to someone who has attained the path of seeing, a bodhisattva on one of the ten bodhisattva levels. In the vehicles of the listeners andsolitary realizers, it is used to refer to stream enterers, once-returners, nonreturners, and arhats. +
Also called five sins with immediate effect: (1) killing one’s father, (z) killing one’s mother, (3) killing an arhat, (4) creating a split in the Saṅgha, and (5) malevolently causing a buddha to bleed. Someone who has committed one of these five actions takes rebirth in the Hell of Torment Unsurpassed immediately after death, without going through the intermediate state between one rebirth and the next. +
lit. “six gatherings of consciousness” (signifying the gathering of a sense object, a sense organ, and a consciousness). The consciousnesses related to vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and mentation. +
The principal practice of a bodhisattva, combining skillful means and wisdom, the compassionate motivation of attaining enlightenment for the sake of all being sand the view of emptiness. See six and ten transcendent perfections. +
The twelve factors or stages through which the process of birth and rebirth in cyclic existence takes place. They are ignorance, conditioning factors, consciousness, name-and-form, the sense powers, contact, feeling, craving, grasping, becoming, birth, and aging-and-death. +
A follower of the Great Vehicle whose aim is perfect enlightenment for all beings. One who has taken the vow of bodhicitta and practices the six transcendent perfections. +
The immense mountain, wider at the top than at the bottom, that forms the center of the universe around which the four continents of the world are disposed, according to ancient Indian cosmology. +
Also called primal wisdom or primordial wisdom. The knowing (''shes pa'') that has always been present since the beginning (''ye nas''); awareness, clarity-emptiness, naturally dwelling in all beings. +
lit. “continuity” or “continuum.” Also translated as “stream of being,” or simply “mind.” This term denotes that aspect of an individual that continues from one moment to the next and from one life time to the next, and which therefore includes the individual’s stock of positive and negative deeds along with their positive and negative habitual tendencies. +
An Indian term of veneration for someone of high spiritual attainment, used in Buddhism as an epithet of the Buddha. In its Tibetan translation, which might be conveyed in English as “Transcendent, Virtuous Conqueror,” it is defined as “he who has overcome (''bcom'') the four demons, who possesses ''(Idan)'' the six excellent qualities, and who does not dwell in either of the two extremes of samsara and nirvana but has gone beyond them (''’das'').” +
The series of teachings on emptiness based on the second turning of the wheel of the Dharma first expounded by Nāgārjuna and considered to form the basis of the Secret Mantrayāna. “Middle” in this context means that it is beyond the extremes of existence and nonexistence. +