The Resolve to Become a Buddha

{{Book
|BookPerson={{Book-person
|PersonPage=Wangchuk, D.
|PersonName=Dorji Wangchuk
}}
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|BookToc=*{{i|'''Preface'''|13}}
*{{i|'''Technical Note'''|19}}

*'''Chapter One: A General Introduction: On Becoming a ''Buddha'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|21}}
*{{i|2. Buddhology|22}}
*{{i|3. Buddhist Soteriology|30}}
**{{i|(a) ''Emic'' and ''Etic'' Perceptions of Buddhism|30}}
**{{i|(b) The Fundamental Features of Buddhist Soteriology|33}}
**{{i|(c) The Mahāyāna Perception of the Quintessence of Buddhist Teachings|35}}
**{{i|(d) Buddhist Soteriological Models and Goals|36}}
**{{i|(e) Two Mahāyāna Soteriological Models of Becoming a Buddha|38}}
*{{i|4. Ontology|41}}
*{{i|5. Buddhist Epistemology and Gnoseology|43}}
*{{i|6. Buddhist Axiology|45}}
**{{i|(a) The Three-Vow Scheme|45}}
**{{i|(b) Comparing and Contrasting the Three Vows|47}}
*{{i|7. Concluding Remarks|56}}

*'''Chapter Two: Previous Studies on ''Bodhicitta'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|57}}
*{{i|2. The Early Western Knowledge of ''Bodhicitta''|58}}
*{{i|3. Monographs on the Study of ''Bodhicitta''|59}}
**{{i|(a) Taishū Tagami (1990)|59}}
**{{i|(b) Francis Brassard (2000)|60}}
*{{i|4. Articles on ''Bodhicitta''|61}}
**{{i|(a) Kumataro Kawada (1965)|61}}
**{{i|(b) Lal Mani Joshi (1971)|62}}
**{{i|(c) S. K. Nanayakkara (1971)|62}}
**{{i|(d) Lobsang Dargay (1981)|63}}
**{{i|(e) Gareth Sparham (1987)|63}}
**{{i|(f) Gareth Sparham (1992)|64}}
*{{i|5. Studies on ''Bodhicitta'' in Specific Canonical Works|65}}
*{{i|6. On Translating the Term ''Bodhicitta''|69}}
*{{i|7. A Study of ''Bodhicitta'': Still a Desideratum|70}}
*{{i|8. Concluding Remarks|71}} 

*'''Chapter Three: The Historical and Doctrinal Background of the ''Bodhicitta'' Concept'''
*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|73}}
*{{i|2. ''Bodhicitta'' as a Means of Compensating for the Loss of the Historical Buddha|74}}
*{{i|3. The Doctrinal Foundations of ''Bodhicitta'' in Early Buddhism|77}}
**{{i|(a) A ''Buddha'' as a Discoverer and Proclaimer of the True Reality|77}}
**{{i|(b) The Plurality of ''Buddhas'' and ''Bodhisattvas'' in Early Buddhism|79}}
**{{i|(c) The Concept of the Resolve Made by Previous ''Buddhas''|80}}
**{{i|(d) The Altruism of the Historical Buddha|82}}
**{{i|(e) Altruism in Early Buddhism|84}}
**{{i|(f) Prerequisites for Becoming a ''Buddha'' in Early Buddhism|86}}
**{{i|(g) The 'Golden Rule' in Early Buddhism|87}}
*{{i|4. Concluding Remarks|89}}

*'''Chapter Four: The Buddha's First Resolve to Become a ''Buddha'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|91}}
*{{i|2. The Historical Buddha as One of Many and Yet One of a Kind|92}}
*{{i|3. Three Events Marking the Career of the Buddha|92}}
**{{i|(a) The First Event: The Initial Resolve to Become a ''Buddha''|94}}
***{{i|(i) Attempts to Resolve the Illogicality of Several 'First Times'|98}}
***{{i|(ii) Was the Historical Bodhisattva 'King-Like' or 'Herdsman-Like'?|99}}
**{{i|(b) The Second Event: Striving to Become a ''Buddha''|100}}
**{{i|(c) The Third Event: The Time and Place of the Buddha's Awakening|102}}
*{{i|4. A Historical Sketch of the Buddha's Initial Resolve to Become a ''Buddha''|104}}
*{{i|5. Concluding Remarks|105}}

*'''Chapter Five: Mahāyāna, ''Bodhisattva'', and ''Bodhicitta'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|107}}
*{{i|2. The Concepts of ''Yāna'' in Buddhism|109}}
**{{i|(a) The Various Models of ''Yāna''|110}}
***{{i|(i) The One-Vehicle Model|111}}
***{{i|(ii) The Two-Vehicle Model|112}}
***{{i|(iii) The Three-Vehicle Model|113}}
***{{i|(iv) The Four-Vehicle Model|115}}
***{{i|(v) The Five-Vehicle Model|116}}
***{{i|(vi) The Nine-Vehicle Model|117}}
***{{i|(vii) The n-Vehicle Model|118}}
***{{i|(viii) The No-Vehicle Model|119}}
**{{i|(b) Which Vehicles Are Buddhist?|120}}
**{{i|(c) Mahāyāna|121}}
***{{i|((i) Dissent on the Origin of Mahayana|121}}
***{{i|((ii) The Content of Mahāyāna|122}}
***{{i|((iii) Is Mahāyāna Indispensable? Is Vajrayāna Indispensable?|125}}
*{{i|(3. The Concepts of ''Sattva'' and ''Bodhisattva''|126}}
**{{i|(a) No ''Bodhisattvas'' without ''Sattvas''|127}}
**{{i|(b) Faith-oriented and Reason-oriented Sentient Beings|128}}
**{{i|(c) The Term ''Bodhisattva''|129}}
**{{i|(d) Synonyms of ''Bodhisattva''|133}}
**{{i|(e) Types of ''Bodhisattvas''|134}}
***{{i|(i) Historical, Celestial, and Earthly ''Bodhisattvas''|135}} 
***{{i|(ii) Human and Non-human ''Bodhisattvas''|136}}
***{{i|(iii) Male and Female ''Bodhisattvas''|137}}
***{{i|(iv) Ordained and Lay ''Bodhisattvas''|139}}
***{{i|(v) ''Bodhisattvas'' with Different Backgrounds|139}}
**{{i|(f) The ''Śrāvaka-Bodhisattva'' Distinction|140}}
**{{i|(g) The Concept of ''Vajrasattva''|142}}
*{{i|4. The Term ''Bodhicitta'' and Its Definition|144}}
**{{i|(a) The Term ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā''|144}}
**{{i|(b) The Term ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Drumakinnararājaparipṛcchāsūtra''|145}}
**{{i|(c) The Term ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Bodhisattvabhūmi''|148}}
**{{i|(d) The Relative Chronology of the ''Aṣṭasāhasrikā'' and the ''Bodhisattvabhūmi''|148}}
**{{i|(e) The Terms ''Cittotpāda'', ''Bodhicitta'', and ''Bodhicittotpāda''|149}}
**{{i|(f) Some Definitions of ''Bodhicitta'' or ''Cittotpāda''|151}}
**{{i|(g) How Indispensable Is ''Bodhicitta'' for a ''Bodhisattva''?|154}}
**{{i|(h) Benefits and Functions of ''Bodhicitta''|160}}
*{{i|5. Concluding Remarks|166}}

*'''Chapter Six: The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions'''

*{{i|I. Introductory Remarks|169}}
*{{i|2. The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions|170}}
*{{i|3. Tibetan Assessments of the Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions|172}}
*{{i|4. The Names of the Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions|173}}
*{{i|5. The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions: The Basis of the Distinctions|175}}
*{{i|6. The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions: Personal Authorities|175}}
*{{i|7. The Two ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Traditions: Scriptural Authorities|176}}
*{{i|8. The Historical Background of the ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Ritual|177}}
*{{i|9. What Is Actually Generated by the Ritual?|180}}
*{{i|10. The Optionality of an Officiant in the Two Traditions|181}}
*{{i|11. Qualifications for Officiants in the Two Traditions|182}}
*{{i|12. The Eligibility of Candidates in the Two Traditions|183}}
*{{i|13. The Preparatory Procedures of the ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Ritual|186}}
*{{i|14. The Main Procedures of the ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Ritual|187}}
*{{i|15. The Concluding Procedures of the ''Bodhicittotpāda'' Ritual|188}}
*{{i|16. Observances and Offences in the Two Traditions|188}}
**{{i|(a) The Cardinal Transgressions in the Mañjuśrī-Nāgārjuna Tradition|189}}
**{{i|(b) The Cardinal Transgressions in the Maitreya-Asaṅga Tradition|191}}
**{{i|(c) The Minor Offences in the Two Traditions|192}}
*{{i|17. Reestablishing a Broken Vow in the Two Traditions|193}}
*{{i|18. Concluding Remarks|194}}

*'''Chapter Seven: A Typology of ''Bodhicitta'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|195}}
*{{i|2. An Overview of the Five Types of ''Bodhicitta''|196}}
*{{i|3. Ethico-Spiritual ''Bodhicitta''|197}}
*{{i|4. Gnoseological ''Bodhicitta''|198}}
**{{i|(a) What Gnoseologicai ''Bodhicitta'' Is|198}}
**{{i|(b) Some Synonyms of Gnoseological ''Bodhicitta''|198}}
**{{i|(c) Some Salient Features of Gnoseological ''Bodhicitta''|199}}
**{{i|(d) Who Possesses Gnoseological ''Bodhicitta''?|201}}
**{{i|(e) Gnosis as Abiding in the Body|202}} 
**{{i|(f) The Three Modes of Emergence Open to Gnosis|204}}
*{{i|5. Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|205}}
**{{i|(a) The Conception of Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|206}}
**{{i|(b) An Outcome of a Philosophical Quest?|211}}
**{{i|(c) Synonyms and Near Synonyms of Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|214}}
**{{i|(d) Two Distinct Perceptions of Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|216}}
**{{i|(e) Some Salient Features of Ontological ''Bodhicitta''|217}}
*{{i|6. Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta''|217}}
**{{i|(a) What is Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta''?|218}}
**{{i|(b) Some Salient Features of Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta''|220}}
**{{i|(c) Probable Motives for the Conception of Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta''|220}}
**{{i|(d) The Problems of Physicality and Sexuality in Buddhism|221}}
**{{i|(e) Psycho-Physiological ''Bodhicitta'' in Yogic Practices|223}}
*{{i|7. Semeiological ''Bodhicitta''|225}}
**{{i|(a) General Features of ''Bodhicitta'' Symbolism|225}}
**{{i|(b) Putting Symbolism in a Buddhist Philosophical Context|226}}
**{{i|(c) Three Kinds of Semeiological ''Bodhicitta'': Visual, Verbal, and Visional|227}}
**{{i|(d) Vajrayāna Symbolism and Literalism|231}}
*{{i|8. A Concluding Assessment of the Five Types of ''Bodhicitta''|232}}

*'''Chapter Eight: Traditional Classifications of ''Bodhicitta'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|235}}
*{{i|2. ''Bodhicitta'' as a Fusion of ''Śūnyatā''/''Prajñā'' and ''Karūṇā''/ ''Upāya''|235}}
**{{i|(a) The Term ''Śūnyatākarūṇāgarbha''|236}}
**{{i|(b) The Term ''Śūnyatākarūṇābhinna''|238}}
**{{i|(c) The Importance of ''Upāya'' and ''Prajñā''|239}}
**{{i|(d) Tension between the Two Poles of Emptiness and Compassion|243}}
**{{i|(e) Union of Emptiness and Compassion: A Tibetan Controversy|245}}
**{{i|(f) Three Positions on the Fusion of ''Śūnyatā''/''Prajñā'' and  ''Karūṇā''/ ''Upāya''|245}}
*{{i|3. Subclassifying ''Bodhicitta'' into ''Praṇidhicitta'' and ''Prasthānacitta''|246}}
**{{i|(a) The Locus Classicus of the Classification|246}}
**{{i|(b) The Possible Historical Development of the Subclassification|248}}
**{{i|(c) The Pervasiveness of the Classification|248}}
**{{i|(d) Distinctions, Interpretations, and Controversies|249}}
*{{i|4. Subclassifying ''Bodhicitta'' into Conventional and Absolute|251}}
**{{i|(a) Two Strands of the Conventional-Absolute Classification|252}}
**{{i|(b) Textual Sources of the Conventional-Absolute Classification|253}}
**{{i|(c) The Relative Chronology of the Conventional-Absolute Classification|255}}
**{{i|(d) Two Different Perceptions of Conventional and Absolute ''Bodhicitta''|256}}
**{{i|(e) Can Absolute ''Bodhicitta'' be Generated Ritually? A Tibetan Controversy|258}}
*{{i|5. Leading to the Goal and Not Leading to the Goal|261}}
*{{i|6. A Stable One and an Unstable One|262}}
*{{i|7. Twofold Classifications of ''Cittotpāda'' in the ''Viniścayasaṃgrahaṇī''|263}}
**{{i|(a) ''Samādānasāṃketika'' and ''Dharmatāpratilambhika''|263}}
**{{i|(b) The One That Is Uncertain and the One That Is Certain|264}}
**{{i|(c) The One That Is Impure and the One That Is Pure|264}}
**{{i|(d) The One That Is Weak and the One That Is Strong|265}}
**{{i|(e) The One That Has Yielded the Ultimate Result and the One That Has<br>Not yet|265}}
*{{i|8. Undistinguished and Distinguished ''Cittotpāda''|266}}
*{{i|9. The One Characterised by ''Karuṇā'' and the One Characterised by ''Prajñā''|266}} 
*{{i|10. Ongoing and Non-Ongoing ''Cittotpāda''|267}}
*{{i|11. A Threefold Classification: King-like, Boatman-like, and Herdsman-like|267}}
**{{i|(a) Some Indian Precursors of the Classification|268}}
**{{i|(b) Assessments by Some Tibetan Scholars|269}}
*{{i|12. A Fourfold Classification|271}}
*{{i|13. Subclassifying ''Bodhicitta'' into Ten Types|273}}
*{{i|14. Twenty-Two Kinds of ''Cittotpāda''|273}}
**{{i|(a) Sources of the Twenty-Two Kinds of ''Cittotpāda''|273}}
**{{i|(b) A Historical Sketch|274}}
*{{i|15. Concluding Remarks|275}}

*'''Chapter Nine: Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|277}}
*{{i|2. Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Sūtra'' Sources|277}}
*{{i|3. Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Bodhisattvabhūmi''|279}}
*{{i|4. Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra''|283}}
*{{i|5. Causes and Conditions pertaining to ''Bodhicitta'' as Discussed Elsewhere|284}}
*{{i|6. Compassion as the Root Cause of ''Bodhicitta''|285}}
*{{i|7. Concluding Remarks|289}}

*'''Chapter Ten: The Mahāyāna Observances and the Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|291}}
*{{i|2. The Model of the Four Cardinal Transgressions (''mūlāpatti'')|292}}
*{{i|3. Pledges and the Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Kriyātantras''|295}}
**{{i|(a) The ''Vairocanābhisaṃbodhitantra''|296}}
**{{i|(b) The ''Guhyatantra''|298}}
**{{i|(c) The ''Susiddhikaratantra''|300}}
**{{i|(d) The ''Subāhuparipṛcchātantra''|303}}
*{{i|4. Pledges and Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Yogatantras''|305}}
**{{i|(a) The ''Durgatipariśodhanatantra''|305}}
**{{i|(b) The ''Vajraśikharatantra''|307}}
**{{i|(c) The ''Śrīparamādyatantra''|310}}
**{{i|(d) The ''Tattvasaṃgrahasūtra''|312}}
*{{i|(5. Pledges and the Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta'' in the ''Mahāyoga'' System|313}}
**{{i|(a) The ''Buddhasamāyogatantra''|319}}
**{{i|(b) The ''Kṛṣṇayamāritantra'' and ''Guhyasamājābhiṣekavidhi''|320}}
**{{i|(c) The ''Guhyendutilakatantra''|328}}
**{{i|(d) The *''Guhyagarbhatantra''|329}}
**{{i|(e) Padmasambhava's Categories of Pledges|329}}
*{{i|6. All Mahāyāna Precepts Relating to the Maintenance of ''Bodhicitta''|330}}
*{{i|7. Concluding Remarks|331}}

*'''Chapter Eleven: The Relapse and Restoration of ''Bodhicitta'' '''

*{{i|1. Introductory Remarks|333}}
*{{i|2. Impairment to or Loss of ''Bodhicitta''|334}}
*{{i|3. Causes of the Partial or Total Breach of Vows|337}}
*{{i|4. Causes of Impairment to or Loss of ''Bodhicitta''|338}}
*{{i|5. The Abandonment of ''Bodhicitta'' as the Severest Transgression|346}}
*{{i|6. The Types of Setbacks|348}} 
*{{i|7. The Restorability of ''Bodhicitta''|351}}
*{{i|8. Retaking and Restoring ''Bodhicitta''|352}}
*{{i|9. The Four Strengths|355}}
*{{i|10. Concluding Remarks|356}}

*'''Appendix A: A Critical Edition of the Sanskrit Text of ''Bodhisattvabhūmi'' 1.2'''

*{{i|1. Introduction|357}}
**{{i|(a) Extant Manuscripts, Critical Editions, and Other Related Studies on the ''Bodhisattvabhūmi''|357}}
**{{i|(b) A Brief Description of the Extant Manuscripts and Editions|362}}
**{{i|(c) Some Observations as to the Stemmatic Relation of the MSS|365}}
**{{i|(d) Method and Abbreviations Employed in the Critical Edition of the Sanskrit Text|366}}
*{{i|2. The Text|368}}

*'''Appendix B: A Critical Edition of the Tibetan Text of ''Bodhisattvabhūmi'' 1.2'''

*{{i|1. Introduction|379}}
*{{i|2. The Text|382}}

*'''Abbreviations and Bibliography'''

*{{i|1. Journals, Collections, Reference Books, Series, and Other Abbreviations|391}}
*{{i|2. Indian Sources|393}}
*{{i|3. Tibetan Sources|404}}
*{{i|4. Secondary Sources|411}}

*{{i|'''Index'''|431}}
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