One of the greatest masters and scholars of Indian Buddhism. He went to Tibet in the ninth century where he taught and translated numerous Sanskrit texts. He was one of the principal sources, together with Guru Padmasambhava, of the Dzogchen teachings in Tibet. +
Impermanent emotional and cognitive obscurations that afflict the mind but which, not being intrinsic to its nature, can be removed from it. ''See'' Two obscurations; Twofold purity. +
The two principal phases of tantric practice. The generation stage (''bskyed rim''), also referred to as creation stage or development stage, involves meditation on appearances, sounds, and thoughts as deities, mantras, and wisdom, respectively. The perfection stage (''rdzogs rim''), also referred to as completion stage, refers to the dissolution of visualized forms into emptiness and the experience of this. It also indicates the meditation on the subtle channels, energies, and essential substances of the body. +
lit. enlarged vision or profound insight. Vipashyana is essentially the primordial wisdom that overcomes the ignorant belief in the existence of the self and realizes ultimate reality. +
The five wisdoms of buddhahood corresponding to the five Dhyani Buddhas or five Buddha families: mirrorlike wisdom (''me long lta bu ye shes'', Vajrasattva: vajra family), wisdom of equality (''mnyam nyid ye shes'', Ratnasambhava: the jewel family ), all-discerning wisdom (''so sor rtog pa'i ye shes'', Amitabha: the lotus family), all-accomplishing wisdom (''bya ba sgrub pa'i ye shes'', Amoghasiddhi: the action family), and wisdom of dharmadhatu (''chos dbyings ye shes'', Vairochana: the Tathagata family). +
The Shravaka level of realization, the attainment of which implies no further rebirth in the desire realm. This is not to be confused with the Mahayana level of Nonreturner, which indicates that the Bodhisattva in question will not return to the samsaric state of mind, even though he or she will continue to manifest in the world in order to assist others. +
A classification of sufferings particularly associated with the human condition. These are birth, old age, sickness, death, and the sufferings of encountering enemies, of being separated from loved ones, of not having what one wants, and of having to put up with what one does not want. +
Brother of the religious king Ralpachen. When the latter was murdered by his Bönpo ministers in the year 906, Langdarma became king. He persecuted Buddhism and almost succeeded in eradicating it, especially in its monastic form, from Tibet. After six years of rule he was assassinated by a Buddhist yogi. +