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From Buddha-Nature
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An Indian master and teacher of Atisha (fl. c. eleventh century). +
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The hells, the realms of pretas and animals. +
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name of Minling Terdag Lingpa (1646—1714). A celebrated tertön and founder of the Mindroling monastery in central Tibet. He collected the tantras of the long oral lineage of the Nyingma school and all the earlier terma teachings. He was thus instrumental in the preservation of the Nyingma tradition. +
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Great second-century master of the Mahayana, responsible for the dissemination of the ''Prajnaparamita'' sutras, which he is said to have recovered from the land of the nagas, where they had been concealed. He was the founder of the Madhyamika system of thought closely associated with the Bodhisattva Manjushri. The Madhyamika teachings of the Profound View are still regarded in Tibetan Buddhism as the summit of all philosophical systems. ''See also'' Asanga. +
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The vehicles of Shravakas, Pratyekabuddhas, and Bodhisattvas. According to the Hinayana point of view, it is asserted that these three vehicles are final paths and correspond to three definite types of beings. By contrast, the Mahayana teaches that the three vehicles correspond to what is merely a temporary orientation and that in the last analysis there is only one vehicle leading to buddhahood. This means that, after accomplishing the fruit of their path, which is not, as they believe, final, the Shravakas and Pratyekabuddhas are at length roused from the peace of their nirvana and enter the Mahayana. They then follow the bodhisattva path and attain buddhahood. +
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A fundamental element of Buddhist teaching according to which phenomena are understood not as discretely existent entities, but as the coincidence of interdependent conditions. The classic formulation of this doctrine is found in the teaching on the twelve links of dependent arising, which, together with the four noble truths, constitutes the teachings of the first turning of the wheel of Dharma. This fundamental exposition, given by the Buddha at Sarnath shortly after his enlightenment, expresses the doctrines of the Hinayana. The doctrine of interdependence is, however, pervasive and is formulated variously according to different levels of teaching. Most importantly, it was interpreted by Nagarjuna as the essential meaning of shunyata, or emptiness, the ultimate nature of phenomena. +
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The four highest states of samsaric existence. They correspond to the four formless absorptions, that is, the four meditative absorptions devoid of attributes. They are called: (1) Infinite Space (''nam mkha' mtha' yas'') (2) Infinite Consciousness (''rnam shes mtha' yas''); (3) Utter Nothingness (''ci yang med pa''); and (4) Neither Existence nor Nonexistence (''yod min med min''). They are devoid of location and are characterized by the absence of perception. +
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A great translator and one of the principal disciples of Guru Padmasambhava from whom he received the transmission of the ''Matarah mandala''. +
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Practitioners of the Mahayana teachings who, out of compassion, aspire to buddhahood in order to help beings in the immediate term and to lead them ultimately to enlightenment. +
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One of the two most important disciples of the Buddha Shakyamuni belonging to the Shravaka Sangha (the other being Shariputra). Maudgalyaputra was endowed with many magical powers. In traditional representations of Buddha Shakyamuni, he and Shariputra are often depicted standing to right and left of the Master. +
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Sublime or noble one, one who has transcended samsaric existence. There are four classes of sublime beings: Arhats, Pratyekabuddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Buddhas. +
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Innate and conceptual apprehension of an inherently existent "I"; the ego. It is a mere assumption or belief in something that in fact has no existence. +
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lit. individual liberation. This term is used to refer to the eight kinds of Buddhist ordination, together with their connected vows and disciplines. These are: the vows of upavasa, or twenty-four-hour discipline; male and female upasaka (''dge bsnyen''), or lay practitioner; male and female shramanera (''dge tshul''), or aspirant for a full ordination; shiksamana (''dge slob ma''), or female novice; and male and female bhikshu (''dge slong''), or fully ordained monks and nuns. Since these vows are specifically motivated by the determination to free oneself from samsara, they are fundamental to the Hinayana. They are, however, widely taken and practiced in Mahayana Buddhism. The system of Pratimoksha is sometimes referred to as the "seven vows," in which case the temporary vow of upavasa is omitted. +
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Mindfulness of the body, feelings, consciousness, and mental objects, as practiced (with respectively different objects of focus and attitude) in both the Hinayana and the Mahayana. +
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(1040—1123). The famous disciple of Marpa the Translator. One of Tibet's most revered yogis and poets, who attained buddhahood in the course of a single life. +
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Beings who aspire to happiness in the human and divine realms and who, in order to gain it, consciously practice pure ethics according to the karmic law of cause and effect. +
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An outstanding Mahayana master in India (11th—12th century) successively abbot of Vajrasana, Nalanda, and Vikramashila; a prolific author and commentator of Sutrayana and Tantrayana texts. Aware of the imminent decline of Buddhism in India, and in collaboration with his numerous Tibetan disciples, he presided over the translation of many Sanskrit texts into Tibetan. +
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One of two "extreme" views (the other being nihilism); the belief in eternally existing entities such as a divine creator or the soul. +
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Each Buddhist tenet system asserts its own approach to reality in terms of ground, path, and fruit. Generally speaking, the ground refers to a specific view of reality, the path comprises the meditation performed within the framework of that view, and the fruit is the final result of the practice. +
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c. 350 c.e., a major figure in Mahayana Buddhism; the cofounder, with his brother Vasubandhu, of the Yogachara philosophy. According to tradition, he received from the Bodhisattva Maitreya the famous Five Teachings (''byams pa'i chos lnga'') in which the views of Madhyamika and Yogachara are both expounded. He is the source of the Mahayana lineage of Vast Activities (''rgya chen spyod pa''), which complements the lineage of the Profound View (''zab mo'i lta ba'') stemming from Nagarjuna and Manjushri. +
