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From Buddha-Nature
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Sublime or noble one, one who has transcended samsaric existence. There are four classes of sublime beings: Arhats, Pratyekabuddhas, Bodhisattvas, and Buddhas. +
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Innate and conceptual apprehension of an inherently existent "I"; the ego. It is a mere assumption or belief in something that in fact has no existence. +
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lit. individual liberation. This term is used to refer to the eight kinds of Buddhist ordination, together with their connected vows and disciplines. These are: the vows of upavasa, or twenty-four-hour discipline; male and female upasaka (''dge bsnyen''), or lay practitioner; male and female shramanera (''dge tshul''), or aspirant for a full ordination; shiksamana (''dge slob ma''), or female novice; and male and female bhikshu (''dge slong''), or fully ordained monks and nuns. Since these vows are specifically motivated by the determination to free oneself from samsara, they are fundamental to the Hinayana. They are, however, widely taken and practiced in Mahayana Buddhism. The system of Pratimoksha is sometimes referred to as the "seven vows," in which case the temporary vow of upavasa is omitted. +
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Mindfulness of the body, feelings, consciousness, and mental objects, as practiced (with respectively different objects of focus and attitude) in both the Hinayana and the Mahayana. +
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(1040—1123). The famous disciple of Marpa the Translator. One of Tibet's most revered yogis and poets, who attained buddhahood in the course of a single life. +
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Beings who aspire to happiness in the human and divine realms and who, in order to gain it, consciously practice pure ethics according to the karmic law of cause and effect. +
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An outstanding Mahayana master in India (11th—12th century) successively abbot of Vajrasana, Nalanda, and Vikramashila; a prolific author and commentator of Sutrayana and Tantrayana texts. Aware of the imminent decline of Buddhism in India, and in collaboration with his numerous Tibetan disciples, he presided over the translation of many Sanskrit texts into Tibetan. +
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One of two "extreme" views (the other being nihilism); the belief in eternally existing entities such as a divine creator or the soul. +
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Each Buddhist tenet system asserts its own approach to reality in terms of ground, path, and fruit. Generally speaking, the ground refers to a specific view of reality, the path comprises the meditation performed within the framework of that view, and the fruit is the final result of the practice. +
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c. 350 c.e., a major figure in Mahayana Buddhism; the cofounder, with his brother Vasubandhu, of the Yogachara philosophy. According to tradition, he received from the Bodhisattva Maitreya the famous Five Teachings (''byams pa'i chos lnga'') in which the views of Madhyamika and Yogachara are both expounded. He is the source of the Mahayana lineage of Vast Activities (''rgya chen spyod pa''), which complements the lineage of the Profound View (''zab mo'i lta ba'') stemming from Nagarjuna and Manjushri. +
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The absence of inherent existence either of the person or of phenomena. +
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These are: to kill one's father, to kill one's mother, to kill an Arhat, to attack and injure a Buddha so as to draw blood, and to cause a schism in the Sangha. These actions are of immediate effect because they are so grave that their strength overrides any other karma and at death the person concerned falls directly into hell without even passing through the bardo state. +
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lit. cutting. A meditative and ritual practice, based on the prajnaparamita, involving a visualization in which the physical body is offered as food to evil or dangerous spirits, the purpose being to destroy or "cut" the four demons within. Chö was introduced to Tibet by the Indian master Padampa Sangye and his Tibetan disciple the yogini Machig Labdrön. +
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The world of humans and animals inhabiting the earth's surface, the realm of the gods and spirits in the heavens above, and the kingdom of the nagas and so on in the subterranean regions. +
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The object in which one takes refuge; ''skyabs 'gro'', the practice of taking refuge. +
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The extreme materialist view of considering the experiences of the physical senses as the only reality and which therefore denies the existence of past and future lives, the karmic principle of cause and effect, and so on. +
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a type of transgression of the precepts, a misdemeanor that brings about a complete destruction of the vow. +
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A fully ordained Buddhist monk. +
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A powerful creature figuring in the Buddhist and Hindu worldview, closely associated with snakes and endowed with intelligence, magical powers, and great wealth. Nagas are said to live beneath the earth and to inhabit the watery element; in traditional medicine, they are linked with certain diseases, especially those of the skin. +
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An Indian lay scholar and contemporary of Chandrakirti. He was associated with the university of Nalanda and was widely reputed for his immense learning in the Mahayana teachings and all kinds of secular knowledge, being, among other things, a renowned grammarian. He also practiced the tantras and attained high realization. +
