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From Buddha-Nature
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The perception of ordinary beings. The apprehension of phenomena in terms of subject and object, and the belief in their true existence. +
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An affirming negative is a negation in which the possibility of another (positive) value is implied. For example, in the statement "It isn't a cat that is on the roof," the presence of a cat is denied, but in such a way as to suggest that something else is there. Compare this with a nonaffirming negative (''med dgag''), which simply negates without any further implication, for example, in the statement "There is nothing on the roof." +
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Name of Gyalwa Longchenpa's autocommentary to the ''Mind at Rest (sems nyid ngal gso)'', one of the three treatises of the ''Trilogy of Rest (ngal gso skor gsum)'', a description of the entire path, up to and including the Great Perfection, which is expounded according to the scholarly method ("the great way of the panditas") and according to the experiential method of pith instruction ("the profound way of the yogis"). +
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One of the two main Shravaka disciples of the Buddha Shakyamuni, noted for his wisdom. ''See also'' Maudgalyaputra. +
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A verbal formula, often quite long, blessed by a Buddha or a Bodhisattva, similar to the mantras of the Vajrayana but found also in the sutra tradition. The term is also used to refer to the accomplishment of unfailing memory. +
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''See'' Five Bodies. +
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Also known as Shakra (''brgya byin''), the supreme god and king of the heaven of the Thirty-three, which is located in the desire realm. Indra is regarded as a protector of the Buddhist doctrine. +
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lit. thought-free wisdom. Primordial knowledge divested of all discursive activity. +
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The corpus of teachings and practices based on the tantras, scriptures that discourse upon the primordial purity of the mind. See also Expository vehicle of causality. +
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''See'' Tradition of Vast Activities. +
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The four continents located in the four directions around Mount Meru, constituting a universal system. They are: the semicircular lus 'phags po, Videha, in the east; the trapezoidal dzam bu gling, Jambudvipa, in the south; the circular ba lang spyod, Godaniya, in the west; and the square sgra mi snyan, Uttarakuru, in the north. Respectively, the names of the continents mean: Sublime Body, Land of Rose Apples, Bountiful Cow, and Unpleasant Sound. Each of the four main cosmic continents is accompanied by two subcontinents of the same shape. Human beings inhabit these continents with the exception of Chamara (''rnga yab''), which is populated by rakshasas, a kind of flesh-eating demon. +
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Spiritual brothers and sisters or fellow practitioners in the Vajrayana. The closest kinship exists between those disciples who receive the empowerment in the same mandala from the same teacher. +
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The habitual preoccupations that continually and inevitably afflict beings until they attain the path of seeing and completely transcend the ego. They are concern for gain and loss, comfort and discomfort, good and evil reputation, and praise and blame. +
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Teachings, for example on the four noble truths, the aggregates, dhatus, and so forth, which, insofar as they do not express the ultimate truth, are of provisional validity only. They are nevertheless indispensable in that their purpose is to lead unrealized beings gradually along the path, bringing them to greater understanding and final accomplishment. +
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One of the New Translation schools, founded by Marpa the Translator (1012—1099). This school is divided into many subschools, the most well known nowadays being the Karma (or Dhakpo) Kagyu, Drikung Kagyu, Drukpa Kagyu, and Shangpa Kagyu. +
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A great Bodhisattva, one of the eight Close Sons. He personifies the power and the Mind of all the Buddhas. +
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The Bodhisattva Maitreya compiled the sutras of the third turning of the wheel, composed the five treatises named after him (which establish the view of "emptiness of other," ''gzhan stong''), and taught them to Asanga. Asanga further wrote ''Five Treatises on the Grounds (sa de lnga)'' and other works, while his brother Vasubandhu, after embracing the Mahayana, composed eight ''prakaranas'', or explanatory texts. These are the source of the tradition of Vast Activities, which expounds the teaching on the budclha nature and the Bodhisattva bhumis, and so on. This tradition was upheld and propagated by such masters as Dignaga, Dharmakirti, and Chandragomin. The ritual of the vow, and practice of bodhichitta, according to this tradition was introduced to Tibet by Atisha. +
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A technical term referring to the tantric realization that appearances, sounds, and thoughts are the mandala of the deities, mantras, and primordial wisdom. +
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A master of the lower school of the Svatantrika Madhyamika. +
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"Foe Destroyer." One who has vanquished the enemies of afflictive emotion and realized the nonexistence of the personal self, and who is thus forever free from the sufferings of samsara. Arhatship is the goal of the teachings of the Root Vehicle, the Shravakayana or Hinayana. Etymologically, the Sanskrit term can also be interpreted as "worthy one." +
