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From Buddha-Nature
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The four continents located in the four directions around Mount Meru, constituting a universal system. They are: the semicircular lus 'phags po, Videha, in the east; the trapezoidal dzam bu gling, Jambudvipa, in the south; the circular ba lang spyod, Godaniya, in the west; and the square sgra mi snyan, Uttarakuru, in the north. Respectively, the names of the continents mean: Sublime Body, Land of Rose Apples, Bountiful Cow, and Unpleasant Sound. Each of the four main cosmic continents is accompanied by two subcontinents of the same shape. Human beings inhabit these continents with the exception of Chamara (''rnga yab''), which is populated by rakshasas, a kind of flesh-eating demon. +
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Spiritual brothers and sisters or fellow practitioners in the Vajrayana. The closest kinship exists between those disciples who receive the empowerment in the same mandala from the same teacher. +
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The habitual preoccupations that continually and inevitably afflict beings until they attain the path of seeing and completely transcend the ego. They are concern for gain and loss, comfort and discomfort, good and evil reputation, and praise and blame. +
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Teachings, for example on the four noble truths, the aggregates, dhatus, and so forth, which, insofar as they do not express the ultimate truth, are of provisional validity only. They are nevertheless indispensable in that their purpose is to lead unrealized beings gradually along the path, bringing them to greater understanding and final accomplishment. +
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One of the New Translation schools, founded by Marpa the Translator (1012—1099). This school is divided into many subschools, the most well known nowadays being the Karma (or Dhakpo) Kagyu, Drikung Kagyu, Drukpa Kagyu, and Shangpa Kagyu. +
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A great Bodhisattva, one of the eight Close Sons. He personifies the power and the Mind of all the Buddhas. +
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The Bodhisattva Maitreya compiled the sutras of the third turning of the wheel, composed the five treatises named after him (which establish the view of "emptiness of other," ''gzhan stong''), and taught them to Asanga. Asanga further wrote ''Five Treatises on the Grounds (sa de lnga)'' and other works, while his brother Vasubandhu, after embracing the Mahayana, composed eight ''prakaranas'', or explanatory texts. These are the source of the tradition of Vast Activities, which expounds the teaching on the budclha nature and the Bodhisattva bhumis, and so on. This tradition was upheld and propagated by such masters as Dignaga, Dharmakirti, and Chandragomin. The ritual of the vow, and practice of bodhichitta, according to this tradition was introduced to Tibet by Atisha. +
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A technical term referring to the tantric realization that appearances, sounds, and thoughts are the mandala of the deities, mantras, and primordial wisdom. +
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A master of the lower school of the Svatantrika Madhyamika. +
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"Foe Destroyer." One who has vanquished the enemies of afflictive emotion and realized the nonexistence of the personal self, and who is thus forever free from the sufferings of samsara. Arhatship is the goal of the teachings of the Root Vehicle, the Shravakayana or Hinayana. Etymologically, the Sanskrit term can also be interpreted as "worthy one." +
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The sutras of the second turning of the Dharma wheel, setting forth the profound view of emptiness, were compiled by Manjushri and commented upon by Nagarjuna. In his six treatises on reasoning, the latter established that all phenomena are empty by their nature (''rang stong''), and in his Stotras and so on (commenting upon the meaning of the sutras of the third turning of the wheel), he spoke of "emptiness of other" (''gzhan stong''), namely, that the ultimate nature of the mind is empty of adventitious stains and endowed with inalienable qualities. Nagarjuna is the founder of the tradition of the Profound View. This was subsequently upheld and commented upon by Aryadeva, Buddhapalita, Bhavaviveka, and Chandrakirti, while masters such as Shantideva and Jetari propagated the practice of bodhichitta according to the same tradition. With regard to the ''ritual'' for taking the bodhichitta vow and its ensuing practice, the Nyingmapas mostly follow the tradition of Nagarjuna. With regard to their ''view'', however, they follow both the tradition of the Profound View and the tradition of Vast Activities taught by Asanga. +
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The five disciplines of which a Buddhist master must have mastery. They are medicine, philology, logic, philosophy, and "arts and crafts." +
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Thirty-two major physical marks (e.g., the ''ushnisha'', or crown protuberance) and eighty minor characteristics (e.g., copper-colored fingernails) that are typical of a Buddha as signs of his realization. +
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Dualistic thought processes that apprehend subject, object, and action as being truly existent and which thus act as obstructions to the mind's omniscience. +
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Teachings which directly express the way things are from the point of view of realized beings. +
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''See'' Ground. +
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Diamond or vajra weapon, a symbol of indestructibility, also used to represent skillful means or compassion. The vajra or dorje is frequently employed in tantric rituals in conjunction with a bell (''dril bu''), which in turn symbolizes the wisdom of emptiness. +
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A technical term referring to the Three Jewels, the guru, and so forth, considered as proper objects of reverence and offering, whereby the vast accumulation of merit is generated. +
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Right View, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. These constitute the scheme of moral and spiritual disciplines leading to enlightenment expounded by the Buddha in the course of his teaching on the four noble truths at Sarnath. As such, they form the backbone of the fundamental practice of Buddhism. +
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Famished spirits, one of the six classes of beings in samsara. +
