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From Buddha-Nature
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The sutras of the second turning of the Dharma wheel, setting forth the profound view of emptiness, were compiled by Manjushri and commented upon by Nagarjuna. In his six treatises on reasoning, the latter established that all phenomena are empty by their nature (''rang stong''), and in his Stotras and so on (commenting upon the meaning of the sutras of the third turning of the wheel), he spoke of "emptiness of other" (''gzhan stong''), namely, that the ultimate nature of the mind is empty of adventitious stains and endowed with inalienable qualities. Nagarjuna is the founder of the tradition of the Profound View. This was subsequently upheld and commented upon by Aryadeva, Buddhapalita, Bhavaviveka, and Chandrakirti, while masters such as Shantideva and Jetari propagated the practice of bodhichitta according to the same tradition. With regard to the ''ritual'' for taking the bodhichitta vow and its ensuing practice, the Nyingmapas mostly follow the tradition of Nagarjuna. With regard to their ''view'', however, they follow both the tradition of the Profound View and the tradition of Vast Activities taught by Asanga. +
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The five disciplines of which a Buddhist master must have mastery. They are medicine, philology, logic, philosophy, and "arts and crafts." +
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Thirty-two major physical marks (e.g., the ''ushnisha'', or crown protuberance) and eighty minor characteristics (e.g., copper-colored fingernails) that are typical of a Buddha as signs of his realization. +
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Dualistic thought processes that apprehend subject, object, and action as being truly existent and which thus act as obstructions to the mind's omniscience. +
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Teachings which directly express the way things are from the point of view of realized beings. +
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''See'' Ground. +
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Diamond or vajra weapon, a symbol of indestructibility, also used to represent skillful means or compassion. The vajra or dorje is frequently employed in tantric rituals in conjunction with a bell (''dril bu''), which in turn symbolizes the wisdom of emptiness. +
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A technical term referring to the Three Jewels, the guru, and so forth, considered as proper objects of reverence and offering, whereby the vast accumulation of merit is generated. +
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Right View, Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. These constitute the scheme of moral and spiritual disciplines leading to enlightenment expounded by the Buddha in the course of his teaching on the four noble truths at Sarnath. As such, they form the backbone of the fundamental practice of Buddhism. +
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Famished spirits, one of the six classes of beings in samsara. +
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All practice prior to the attainment of the path of seeing, in which ultimate reality is perceived directly, is regarded as being of the nature of aspiration or interest. +
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''See'' Four continents. +
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''See'' Sugatagarbha. +
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The name of an immense cosmic mountain, acting as the axis of the universe and around which are located the four continents. Every universal system has its Mount Meru and four continents. +
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A universal monarch, the name given to a special kind of exalted being who has dominion over a greater or lesser part of the three-thousandfold universe. According to traditional cosmology, such beings appear only when the human life span surpasses eighty thousand years. By analogy, the word is also used as a title for a great king. +
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''See'' Tripitaka. +
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A celebrated fourth-century master of the Theravada, contemporary of Asanga and Vasubandhu. He was the author of the ''Visuddhimagga'', a text greatly revered in Theravada Buddhism as the classic presentation of their tradition. +
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The ultimate view of the Nyingma school: the union of primordial purity (''ka dag'') and spontaneous presence (''lhun grub''), in other words, of voidness and awareness. ''See also'' Ati, Atiyoga. +
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The cessation of afflictive emotion brought about by an analytical understanding, or wisdom, that eliminates the conditions in which such affliction can occur. The cessation itself is a nirvana (the "small nirvana" of Arhats) and is regarded as an "uncompounded phenomenon." +
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A disciple of Vasubandhu and master and exponent of both the Hinayana and Mahayana teachings. He is celebrated as the great authority on the Vinaya and composed the famous ''Vinaya-sutra''. +
