(1367–1449). Sakya scholar, especially of sutra and the Prajnaparamita. Founded Penpo Nalanda Monastery in 1436, teacher of Sakya Chokden and Gorampa Sonam Senge. +
The four methods or aspects of meaning: (1) the literal mode, in words (tshig gi tshul); (2) the general or outer mode (phyi'i tshul); (3) the hidden mode (sbas pa'i tshul); and (4) the ultimate mode (mthar thug gi tshul). +
In Mahayoga, the (1) purity of the outer world (snod dag pa); (2) purity of its inner contents (bcud dag pa); and (3) purity of the mindstream (rgyud rnams dag pa). +
(1823–1901). Thubten Chökyi Drakpa. Geluk scholar, disciple of Dza Patrul Rinpoche, commentator on Way of the Bodhisattva and Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva. +
One of the six main Nyingma monasteries. Founded in 1665 by Rigdzin Kunzang Sherab. The monastic seat of the successive Penor incarnations. Near Derge. +
In general, these are equivalent to offerings of the five sense pleasures (Tib. dod pa'i yon tan lnga, Skt. pancakamaguna), namely: (1) a mirror representing visual forms (Tib. gzugs, Skt. rupa); (2) a lute representing sounds (Tib. sgra, Skt. sapda), (3) a conch filled with perfume representing smells (Tib. dri, Skt. gandha); (4) fruits representing tastes (Tib. ro, Skt. rasa); and (5) silken cloths representing tangibles (Tib. reg bya, Skt. sparsa). By extension, this enumeration can also refer to the eight external offerings symbolized by the eight offering goddesses: (1) drinking water, (2) washing water, (3) flowers, (4) incense, (5)lamps, (6) perfume, (7) food, and (8) a conch. +