Among the ten bodhisattva levels (sa bcu), the attainments of the first seven are considered reversible owing to the persistence of subtle pride, whereas those of the highest three levels are deemed to be irreversible. +
(1800–55/69?). Kushok Gemang Rinpoche. Supervised the 1842 reconstruction of Dzogchen Monastery, established Shri Singha College. Disciple of Fourth Dzogchen Rinpoche and Dodrubchen Jigme Trinley Özer. Disciples included Dza Patrul Rinpoche, Do Khyentse Yeshe Dorje, and Khenchen Pema Dorje. +
(ca. 500–78). Critic of Buddhapalita, founder of the Svatantrika Madyamaka tradition. Author of key Svatantrika commentary on Nagarjuna's Root Verses of the Middle Way. +
Riwoche County is located in the Chamdo Prefecture of the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwest of Nangchen. Also the name of the village in Riwoche County, home to the famous Riwoche Tragyelma Temple, a great center of the Taklung Kagyü and Nyingma traditions, and the seat of the successive Pakchok and Jedrung incarnations. +
(1012–90). Drapa Ngönshey. Founded Dratang Monastery in 1081. Treasure-revealer of Four Tantras of Tibetan medicine, established Phuntong Chenye, a tantric practice community. +
In Mahayoga: (1) the yoga of great emptiness, which is wisdom; (2) the apparitional display of compassion, which is skillful means; (3) and the seals of the meditational deities, which are subtle and coarse in their appearances. +
The preliminary, preparatory, or foundational "practices" or "disciplines" (Skt. sadhana) common to all four schools of Tibetan Buddhism, and also to Bön. Often referred to as ngöndro, they establish the foundation for the more advanced and rarefied Vajrayana sadhana, which are held to engender realization and the embodiment of enlightenment. The outer preliminaries consist of the four thoughts that turn the mind: (1) precious human birth (2) impermanence, (3) karma, and (4) suffering. The inner preliminaries comprise one hundred thousand accumulations of (1) taking refuge, (2) generating bodhichitta, (3) meditating on Vajrasattva and reciting his hundred-syllable mantra, (4) offering the mandala, as well as (5) guru yoga with one or ten million recitations of the vajra guru mantra. +