dge bsnyen;Upāsaka;a Buddhist layman, bound by the five vows (to avoid killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, intoxicating liquor and lying). Fem. upāsikā. +
'dul ba;Vinaya;'basket' of the scriptures (see ''Piṭaka'') concerned with monastic discipline, the rules for the behaviour of monks and nuns and the conduct of their communal business. +
bdag 'dzin;Self-grasping;self-grasping;ātma-grāha;a mind apprehending an independently existent self-nature of a person or of ''dharmas'';the misconception of a truly-existing self. +
khams;Elements,eighteen;elements,eighteen;dhātu;a sentient being can be regarded as made up of eighteen e., three for each sense — visual object e., visual faculty e., visual consciousness e., etc. ... mental object e., mental faculty e., mental consciousness e. +
dge 'dun;Saṅgha;'community, congregation'. The Saṅgha in which one takes Refuge is the Community of Saints, or ''Ārya'' Beings — those of the Hīnayāna, the ''Śrāvaka'' and ''Pratyekabuddha Āryas'';those of the Mahāyāna, the ''Ārya'' Bodhisattvas and Buddhas;and those of the Vajrayāna, the Heroes, ''Ḍākinīs'', etc. This is Ultimate Saṅgha;Relative Saṅgha is the community of ordained monks and nuns, which should be honoured as representing the actual Saṅgha Refuge just as Buddha-images and sacred texts should be revered as representing the actual Buddha and Dharma. +