nyon sgrib;afflictive obscuration;afflictive obscuration;kleśāvaraṇa;An emotional outgrowth of egoclinging, such as attachment or hatred, that functions to prevent liberation. +
go rams pa bsod nams seng ge;Gorampa;gorampa;1429-1489, Important scholar of the Sakya school who notably critiqued Tsongkhapas formulation of the Middle Way. +
dbu ma;Middle Way;middle way;madhyamaka;The philosophical tradition systematized by Nāgārjuna that avoids the extremes of eternalism and nihilism, disclosing reality free from all extremes. +
spyi mtshan;universal;universal;sāmānyalakṣaṇa;A common property shared by particular things. In Dharmaklrti s system of valid cognition, universals are simply unreal, conceptual constructs that are incapable of performing a function, in contrast to particulars. +
chos mngon pa;Abhidharma;One of the three main sections of the Buddhist canon containing philosophy, cosmology, and psychology. An important feature of the philosophical analysis found in these texts is that complex phenomena are explained in terms of their more fundamental constituents, or elements (''dharmas''), that are held to compose reality. +
rgyud;tantra;(1) A genre of text attributed to the Buddha, or another enlightened being, that gives extraordinary teachings in mythological settings;(2) the Vajrayāna, a direct path to become a buddha that contrasts with the path of sutra. +
klu grub;Nāgārjuna;ca. second century, Important systematizer of the philosophy of the Middle Way who formulated the equality of emptiness and dependent arising. +
bye brag smra ba;Great Exposition School;great exposition school;vaibhāṣika;The lowest among the four main philosophical systems in Tibet;this Lesser Vehicle philosophical school holds the view that irreducible material particles and indivisible moments of mind are substantially existent. +
gzhan stong;other-emptiness;other-emptiness;A Middle Way view, mainly associated with the Jonang school, that claims that the ultimate truth (the content of authentic experience) is not empty of its own essence but is only empty of what is extrinsic to it (i.e., relative phenomena, or the content of inauthentic experience). +
zla ba grags pa;Candrakirti;Author of the ''Introduction to the Middle Way'' and a pivotal figure who is identified with the Consequence School of interpretation of the Middle Way. +
kun rdzob bden pa;relative truth;relative truth;saṃvṛtisatya;(i) The way things appear (equivalent to conventional truth);(2) the content of distorted experience. +
rang bzhin gyis grub pa;inherent existence;inherent existence;svabhāva-siddhi;Objective, ultimate, or real existence;the quality of something that essentially exists on its own. last wheel of Dharma: One of three sets of sutras that contain teachings of buddha-nature and the Mind-Only School. +
mdo sde pa;Sutra School;sutra school;sautrāntika;Among the four philosophical systems, one of the Lesser Vehicle schools that asserts that irreducible particles of matter and indivisible moments of mind are substantially existent. Unlike the Great Exposition School, this tradition upholds reflexive awareness and attributes ultimate status only to functional particulars, +
rnam grangs pa'i don dam;categorized ultimate;categorized ultimate;paryāya-paramārtha;The ultimate truth that is an absence;the negation of true existence. +
gsar ma;Sarma;sarma;The traditions of the "new schools" of translation (e.g., Sakya, Jonang, Kagyü, Geluk) of Buddhist texts into Tibet, which developed from the eleventh century onward, as opposed to the old school (Nyingma) that traces its history in Tibet to the eighth century. +
shes sgrib;cognitive obscuration;cognitive obscuration;jñeyāvaraṇa;A conceptual framework;the working assumption of the threefold conceptualization of agent, object, and action, which serves to prevent the attainment of complete buddhahood. +
dgag bya;object of negation;object of negation;pratiṣedhya;That which is overcome by reasoning or meditation on the path (e.g., false conceptions of true existence). +
rnal 'byor spyod pa;Yogic Practice School;yogic practice school;yogācāra;A tradition that emphasizes that there is no reality independent of mind. Also known as Mind-Only. +