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Three aspects, as presented by the Yogācāra school, of the nature of phenomena: the imputed nature, the dependent nature, and the fully present nature. Also called three realities. +
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A fault due to the transgression of a rule (monastic or otherwise). +
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The three aspects of buddhahood: the body of truth, body of perfect enjoyment, and body of manifestation. +
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Nondual wisdom whose object is itself +
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Also called the four seals. “All that is compounded is impermanent. All that is tainted is suffering. All phenomena are devoid of self. Nirvāṇa is peace.” +
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“Land of the Jambu Tree.” The southern continent in the ancient Indian cosmology, the world in which we live. +
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The incorrect mental processes that lead to the imputations of subject and object and of intrinsic existence. +
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lit. “union (''’byor'') with the natural state (''rnal ma'').” A term for spiritual practice. +
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The truth of suffering, the truth of the origin of suffering, the truth of cessation, and the truth of the path. These constitute the foundation of Buddha Śākyamuni’s doctrine, the first teaching that he gave (at Sarnath near Varanasi) after attaining enlightenment. +
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Transcendent generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, concentration, and wisdom, together with transcendent means, aspirational prayer, strength, and gnosis. Each of these ten is practiced predominantly on one of the ten bodhisattva levels—generosity on the first level, discipline on the second, and so forth. They are termed “transcendent” because their practice involves realization ofthe view of emptiness. +
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A mythological bird, master of the skies. It traditionally preys on the nāgas. +
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The highest possible state of worldly realization, the fourth stage of the path of joining that immediately precedes the direct realization of emptiness on the path of seeing. +
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A collective term for the paths of accumulating and joining. The level of earnest aspiration is a sort of prelevel before one reaches the first of the ten bodhisattva levels. Practitioners on the paths of accumulating and joining have not yet realized emptiness and cannot therefore practice the six transcendent perfections in a truly transcendental way. Their practice is more a question of willingness than of the genuine practice of amature bodhisattva. +
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lit. “Mighty Lord.” A general Indian name for a creator god. +
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lit. “taming.” The section of the Buddha’s teaching that deals with discipline, and in particular with the vows of monastic ordination. +
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The first of the five paths, according to the Great Vehicle. On this path, one accumulates the causes that will make it possible to proceed toward enlightenment. +
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Freedom from saṃsāra, either as an arhat or as a buddha. +
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An ancient Indian measurement. Different sources describe it as between one and several miles. +
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The point at which an enlightened being leaves their earthly body. +
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Also called celestial beings. A class of beings who, as a result of accumulating positive actions in previous lives, experience immense happiness and comfort and are therefore considered by non-Buddhists as the idealstate to which they should aspire. According to the Buddhist teachings, however, they have not attained freedom from cyclic existence. Those in the world of form and world of formlessness experience an extended form of the meditation they practiced (without the aim of achieving liberation from cyclic existence) in their previous life. Gods like Indra and others of the six classes of gods of the world of desire possess, as a result of their merit, a certain power to affect the lives of other beings and they are therefore worshipped, for example by Hindus. The same Tibetan and Sanskrit term is also used to refer to enlightened beings, in which case it is more usually translated as “deity.” +
