negative emotions involving one or more of the three poisons (greed, hate and delusion), under whose influence we create actions that cause us to be reborn in ''saṃsāra''. They include six root defilements — ignorance, attachment, aversion, pride, defiled doubt and wrong view — and secondary defilements, sometimes counted as twenty +
the 'Bodies' of a Buddha, usually counted as three, see pp. 272—3. Sometimes, to make four ''Kāyas'', the ''Dharmakāya'' is divided into two, the ''Jñāna-dharma-kāya'' or ''Dharmakāya'' of Wisdom-knowledge and the ''Svābhāvikakāya'' or 'Natural Body', respectively the Buddha's Mind and its Ultimate Nature. +
'Hearer, Disciple (of a Buddha)': a Hīnayāna ''Arhant'' who attains ''Nirvāṇa'' under the guidance of a teacher; or someone practising to become such an ''Arhant'', a Hīnayānist. +
success, attainment, esp. magical attainment such as flying in the sky, becoming invisible, everlasting youth, or powers of transmutation. They are divided into supreme s. (''mchog gi dngos grub'') and ordinary or common s. (''mthun mong gi dngos grub''), see Beyer 245—255. +
'He who looks down from on high', n. of a Bodhisattva, often called Avalokiteśvara (''spyan ras gzigs dbang phyugs'') 'Lord Avalokita', Āryâvalokiteśvara 'Noble Lord A.', etc. +
fem. a class of semidivine beings, generally beneficent but sometimes malignant so that it is well to propitiate them with offerings. Many are local divinities of the countryside, often dwelling in sacred trees and guarding the treasure buried nearby. Others live on Mount Meru, guarding the realm of the gods. They are ruled by ĸubera, the god of wealth and guardian of the northern quarter. +
lit. 'death'. 1. The Evil One, a powerful god ruling the highest heaven of the Desire Realm, who habitually tries to distract and hinder Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Since each world-system has its own set of heavens, it is possible to speak of infinitely many such Evil Ones. 2. The four ''māras'' or obstructions to practice of the Dharma: those of defilements, death and the aggregates, and the god Māra (=1). 3. Māra's whole army of followers are also called Māras or ''māras'' after him; they act as evil spirits, obstructing Dharma practice. +
the human existence with all necessary conditions for Dharma practice - free of the eight leisureless states, and with ten factors of good fortune (Rabten, ''The Essential Nectar'', n.35). +