kun gzhi'i rnam shes;all-ground consciousness;all-ground consciousness;alaya-vijnana;Consciousness as the ground of all experience. According to the Mahayana, the all-ground is the fundamental and indeterminate level of the mind in which karmic imprints are stored. +
phyag rgya chen po;Mahamudra;Literally, "Great Seal." This refers to the seal of the absolute nature of all phenomena. The term is used for the teaching, the practice, and the supreme accomplishment. +
'phags pa;arya;Sublime or noble one, one who has transcended samsaric existence. There are four classes of sublime beings: arhats, pratyekabuddhas, bodhisattvas, and buddhas. +
rgyud;tantra;Literally, "continuity." The Vajrayana teachings given by the Buddha in his sambhogakaya form. Tantra can also refer to all the resultant teachings of Vajrayana as a whole. +
mkhan po;abbot;abbot;In general, the transmitter of the monastic vows. This title is also given to a person who has attained a high degree of knowledge of Dharma and is authorized to teach it. +
nyis 'dzin,gzung 'dzin;duality;duality;The ordinary perception of unenlightened beings. The apprehension of phenomena in terms of subject and object and the belief in their true existence. +
bslabs pa gsum;three trainings;three trainings;trishika;Trainings in ethical discipline, concentration, and discriminating knowledge. The three trainings form the basis of the Buddhist path. +
sa bcu;ten levels;ten levels;This refers to the ten stages of a noble bodhisattva's development into a fully enlightened buddha. On each stage more subtle defilements are purified and a further degree of enlightened qualities is manifested. +
rigs;caste;caste;The traditional class distinction of Indian society associated with different psychological types and the kind of work or social function deemed appropriate to each. In the course of time, the caste system became extremely complex. Buddhist texts refer only to the original fourfold system and repudiate it in the sense of rejecting the idea, still current in Indian society, that such distinctions are immutably dictated by the circumstances of birth. These four classes are the royal or ruling class (''kshatriya, rgyal rigs''), the priestly class (''brahmin, bram bze rigs''), the merchant class (''yaishya, rjeʼn rigs''), and the menial class (''shudra, dmangs rigs''). +
dra ma lnga;five eminent beings;five eminent beings;The five eminent beings were a god called Renowned Chief Protector (Skt. ''Yasasvi Varapala''), a naga called Naga King Takshaka, a yaksha called Meteor Face (Skt. ''Ulkamukha''), an ogre called Skillful Intellect (Skt. ''Matyaupayiha''), and a human being called Stainless Reputation (Skt. ''Vimalakirti''). Some sources mention the god Indra in place of Vimalakirti. Through their supernatural cognitive powers these five noble beings knew that the Buddha had passed away and then miraculously gathered at Mount Malaya. +
rdo rje gdan;Bodhgaya;bodhgaya;vajrasana;Vajra seat. The place in Bihar, India, where all the buddhas of this eon have attained and will attain enlightenment. +
dmyal ba;hell;hell;naraka;One of the six realms where beings experience intense suffering as a result of past actions, especially those actions related to anger, such as killing. There are eighteen different hells, eight hot and eight cold as well as neighboring hells and ephemeral hells. +
shri sing ha;Shri Singha;The chief disciple and successor of Manjushrimitra in the lineage of the Dzogchen teachings. He extracted the tantras that had been concealed in Bodhgaya and went to China, where he classified the Ati Yoga Instruction Class into four cycles: outer, inner, secret, and innermost secret. His main disciples were Jnanasutra, Vimalamitra, Padmasambhava, and Vairotsana. +
gang zag snyan rgyud;hearing lineage of individuals;hearing lineage of individuals;The orally transmitted lineage through individuals in which it is necessary for the teacher to use words for the disciple to hear, rather than transmitting them mind-to-mind or through symbols. +