the five immediate karmas, sins or evil acts are killing one's mother, one's father, or an ''Arhant''; causing schism in the Saṅgha of ''bhikṣus''; and drawing blood from a ''Tathāgata'' with evil intent. The five close to or approaching them (''de dang nye ba lnga'') are defiling one's mother who is an Arhantī; killing a Bodhisattva on the Definite Stage (''niyata-bhūmi''); killing an ''Ārya'' on the Path of Training (i.e. not yet an ''Arhant''); robbing the Saṅgha of means of livelihood; and destroying a ''stūpa'' +
often pron. 'Tänjur': 'the Translated Treatises', the collection of Tib. translations of the Indian Buddhist literature other than the actual Buddha-Word — commentaries, treatises, hymns, rituals, dictionaries, medical texts, etc. — amounting to over two hundred volumes, or about twice the length of the Kangyur. +
Vedic god of the sky, 'the Encompassing', lord of light and darkness, celestial order, morality, and the primordial waters. Later relegated to overlordship of the terrestrial oceans, hence the Tib. translation of his name, 'water-god'. Guardian of the western quarter. +
'Precious One', Tib, title for someone identified as the rebirth of an earlier distinguished Dharma practitioner. Also called Tülku (''sprul sku''), lit. ''Nirmāṇa-kāya'' but in most cases simply a courtesy title. +
Vedic goddess of a now dried-up river, who became patron deity of poetry, music, science and all the creative arts, and in much this form was adopted into the Buddhist pantheon, with Mañjuśrī as Her consort. +
lit. 'departed', i.e. the spirit of a dead person, one of the six destinies of samsaric beings, often called 'hungry ghosts' because of their main form of suffering. They are of many kinds; those that dwell in our world are normally invisible to humans, but may be seen by animals. +