because mantras play such a key role in its practice, Tantra or Vajrayāna is often called Mantra, or the M. Vehicle. Their nature is discussed in many books, such as Lama Govinda's. +
the seven p. are the familiar Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn; the eighth is the fictitious and malevolent Rāhu, causer of eclipses. Often a ninth is added, Ketu, the comet, likewise evil and fictitious. +
Skanda is the Brahmanical god of war, leader of demons that cause illness in children, and the god of thieves. 'The ''skandas'' ' are no doubt these demons, however the Tib. name, which means 'drier-up', is puzzling. +
giant mountain at the centre of the world, where the two lowest classes of gods of the Desire Realm live. It is said to rise 84000 leagues above sea-level. +
beings of the underworld and the waters, classed as animals. They generally live in the form of snakes, but many can change into human form and they are often depicted as human from the waist up with a serpent's tail below. They are supposed to control the weather, especially rain. +
several usages, all relating to the universal metaphor of the spiritual journey towards the Goal. 1. Expressions such as 'the perfect P.' (''yang dag lam'') are self-explanatory, 2. Choice of routes: 'the common P.' is the practices that both Sūtra and Tantra practitioners should follow, whereas 'the uncommon P.' is those specific to Tantra; 'the Two-Stage P.' is ''Anuttara-yoga-tantra'' practice. 3. The five P. are successive segments of one person's route, demarcated by particular realizations and each to be traversed by a particular method of practice. In order, they are: (a) the P. of Accumulation (''saṃbhāra-mārga, tshogs lam''); (b) the P. of Preparation (''prayoga-mārga, sbyor lam''); (c) the P. of Insight (''darśana-mārga, mthong lam''); (d) the P. of Meditation (''bhāvana-mārga, sgom lam''); and (e) the P. Beyond Learning (''aśaikṣa-mārga, mi slob lam''), i.e. Liberation. +