giant mountain at the centre of the world, where the two lowest classes of gods of the Desire Realm live. It is said to rise 84000 leagues above sea-level. +
beings of the underworld and the waters, classed as animals. They generally live in the form of snakes, but many can change into human form and they are often depicted as human from the waist up with a serpent's tail below. They are supposed to control the weather, especially rain. +
several usages, all relating to the universal metaphor of the spiritual journey towards the Goal. 1. Expressions such as 'the perfect P.' (''yang dag lam'') are self-explanatory, 2. Choice of routes: 'the common P.' is the practices that both Sūtra and Tantra practitioners should follow, whereas 'the uncommon P.' is those specific to Tantra; 'the Two-Stage P.' is ''Anuttara-yoga-tantra'' practice. 3. The five P. are successive segments of one person's route, demarcated by particular realizations and each to be traversed by a particular method of practice. In order, they are: (a) the P. of Accumulation (''saṃbhāra-mārga, tshogs lam''); (b) the P. of Preparation (''prayoga-mārga, sbyor lam''); (c) the P. of Insight (''darśana-mārga, mthong lam''); (d) the P. of Meditation (''bhāvana-mārga, sgom lam''); and (e) the P. Beyond Learning (''aśaikṣa-mārga, mi slob lam''), i.e. Liberation. +
the states in which there is no opportunity to practise the Dharma, namely being born in hell, as an animal, as a ''preta'', among the long-lived gods, or in a barbaric country where there are no Buddhist monastics or lay followers; being dull-witted, deaf and dumb; being addicted to perverse views such as disbelief in rebirth or Liberation; and when no Buddha has appeared and taught the Dharma. +
the Southern Continent of Indian mythical geography, often identified with the Indian subcontinent; but from the point of view of the characteristics of its human inhabitants, all this Earth is classed as Jambudvīpa. I have usually translated it as 'India' or 'our world' according to the context. +
direct intuitive apprehension of Ultimate Truth, i.e. of Emptiness; the sixth Perfection. The Path combines W. and Method; Tantric symbolism centres on the union of the two, W. being the female aspect and Method, or Means, the male. The wisdoms of listening, thinking and meditation are steps towards this W. 3. In verse, 'Wisdom' is sometimes short for 'Wisdom-knowledge'. +