Property:Gloss-def
From Buddha-Nature
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Enlightenment +
Shakyamuni Buddha and all other buddhas are held to possess three bodies of enlightenment, the ''trikaya''. The ''nirmanakaya'', "the transformational body," is a buddha's physical body of flesh and blood, visible to ordinary sentient beings. The ''sambhogakaya'', the enjoyment body, is the form of the buddha seen through the medium of spiritual vision. This body has form but no material substantiality. The ''dharmakaya'', the body of truth or reality, is the ultimate nature of the buddha, the enlightened mind, the awakened state itself. All three bodies are united in a fourth body, the ''svabhavikakaya'', the essential body. +
Insight practice. ''See'' vipashyana. +
One of the two stages of ''yidam'' practice. ''See also'' yidam. +
The "evil one" who attempted, at the last minute, to dissuade Shakyamuni Buddha from completing his quest for enlightenment. Mara is the personification of the forces of ignorance that keep sentient beings enmeshed in samsara. In the developed tradition, Mara is said to have four primary forms: He manifests as the five ''skandhas''; the lord of death; the defiling emotions (''kleshas''); and as divine beings who carry out his biddings. +
One of the "three trainings," ''shila'' includes various codes of conduct that Buddhists follow as part of the path to awakening. Laypeople typically follow the five precepts (to refrain from taking life, stealing, false speech, sexual misconduct, and intoxicants that cloud the mind), while monks and nuns adhere to a collection of several hundred rules of monastic restraint divided into categories of varying severity. +
"The state in-between." Most commonly, ''bardo'' refers to the state after death through which the consciousness, now separated from the body, journeys on its way to a new birth. +
(ca. 563-483 BCE). The historical individual who founded the Buddhist tradition in this world. +
Commentaries, composed by renowned Buddhist authors, on teachings given by Shakyamuni Buddha. +
All the practices of Hinayana and Mahayana that are taught in the sutras of these two conventional, pretantric vehicles. +
"Crossing over." The second stage of Dzogchen. +
The ''ngöndro'' are the four (in the Nyingma, five) Vajrayana "preliminary practices" that are commonly done in preparation for full initiation into the ''vajra'', or tantric, vehicle. The ''ngöndro'' include one hundred thousand repetitions each of: full-body prostrations, including refuge formula; the 108-syllable mantra of the deity Vajrasattva; offerings of one's body, speech, and mind to the lineage; and the mantra of one's guru known as guru yoga. In the Nyingma, the first of the four ''ngöndro'' may be divided into two separate practices of prostrations and recitations of the refuge formula, making five ''ngöndro'' in all. Each of the practices is accompanied by a visualization, ''mudras'', and ''mantras'' or other utterances. +
The ultimate, ''dharmakaya'' buddha in the New Translation schools. +
three bodies of the Buddha. +
"Action." One of the central teachings of the Buddha and of Buddhism, expressed in the second noble truth, which details how suffering comes about. There are two principal types of karma, the karma of result and the karma of cause. The karma of result refers to the fact that our current circumstances and the events of our present life are the result of causes and conditions laid down by us in previous times. The karma of cause indicates that whatever we do in the present will contribute toward the circumstances and events that we will experience in the future. +
Practices through which one develops compassion toward others and fearlessness in relation to one's own experience. These include (in Sanskrit) ''maitri'' (loving-kindness), ''karuna'' (compassion), ''mudita'' (sympathetic joy), and ''upeksha'' (equanimity). +
(1040-1123). The best-known and perhaps most well-loved hermit and ''yogin'' in Tibetan Buddhist history. He was the principal disciple of the translator Marpa (1012-1097), Tibetan founder of the Kagyü lineage received in India from the ''siddha'' Naropa (1016-1100). After an extraordinarily difficult youth filled with suffering and much evildoing, Milarepa met Marpa, studied under him, and finally received Vajrayana transmission. Then, at Marpa's direction, Milarepa entered solitary retreat in the mountains and spent the rest of his life meditating and training disciples. His principal students were Rechungpa and Gampopa. +
They may be either "wisdom ''dakinis''" who are embodiments of the reality and message of enlightenment, or "worldly ''dakinis''" who can be either helpful or harmful to the practitioner on the path. Sometimes ''dakinis'' are human women, and sometimes they appear in visions and dreams in a vivid but nonphysical form. +
"Generosity," one of the six perfections +
The Madhyamaka is the most important Mahayana philosophical school in Tibet. Founded by Nagarjuna (ca. second century), the Madhyamaka is a commentarial tradition on the ''Prajnaparamita Sutra'' (a collection of sutras on the "perfection of wisdom") that involves the study and, eventually, the experiential understanding of emptiness (Skt., ''shunyata''). Within Tibetan Buddhism, the most important Madhyamaka line has been that of the Prasangika Madhyamaka, which seeks to show the fallacy (or emptiness) of any position that may be advanced without, however, advancing any position of its own. +
