The lowest among the four main philosophical systems in Tibet; this Lesser Vehicle philosophical school holds the view that irreducible material particles and indivisible moments of mind are substantially existent. +
A Middle Way view, mainly associated with the Jonang school, that claims that the ultimate truth (the content of authentic experience) is not empty of its own essence but is only empty of what is extrinsic to it (i.e., relative phenomena, or the content of inauthentic experience). +
Author of the ''Introduction to the Middle Way'' and a pivotal figure who is identified with the Consequence School of interpretation of the Middle Way. +
Objective, ultimate, or real existence; the quality of something that essentially exists on its own. last wheel of Dharma: One of three sets of sutras that contain teachings of buddha-nature and the Mind-Only School. +
Among the four philosophical systems, one of the Lesser Vehicle schools that asserts that irreducible particles of matter and indivisible moments of mind are substantially existent. Unlike the Great Exposition School, this tradition upholds reflexive awareness and attributes ultimate status only to functional particulars, +
The traditions of the "new schools" of translation (e.g., Sakya, Jonang, Kagyü, Geluk) of Buddhist texts into Tibet, which developed from the eleventh century onward, as opposed to the old school (Nyingma) that traces its history in Tibet to the eighth century. +
A conceptual framework; the working assumption of the threefold conceptualization of agent, object, and action, which serves to prevent the attainment of complete buddhahood. +
A fundamental consciousness that serves as the repository of karma (actions) and latent potentials that manifest as embodied experience of a lifeworld. +
A textual and meditative tradition, central to the Nyingma school, that embodies the most direct path to awakening; it is the culmination of all philosophies and paths. The tradition affirms that the fundamental qualities of a buddha are always already present and that no contrived effort is necessary to produce this fundamental reality anew. +
ca. eleventh century, Important figure in the Nyingma tradition who, along with Longchenpa, was one of Mipams main influences. Sakyamuni: The historical Buddha. +