In this text, this term refers not to regions of modern geography, but to the regions located around the vast universal mountain that, according the Buddhist cosmology, forms the central axis of one universal world system. +
The most important practice in tantric Buddhism, consisting of the visualization of the Guru, prayers and requests for blessing, the reception of these blessings, and the merging of the mind with the Guru's enlightened wisdom mind. HAYAGRIVA, Skt. (rta mgrin, Tib.). Wrathful yidam of the Lotus Family. HEARER (nyan thos, Tib.). See Shravaka +
Progressive stages in the generation stage of tantric practice, in the course of which yogis gradually identify themselves with the deity through visualization and the recitation of mantra. +
According to the teachings of the Nyingma school, the teachings of the Buddha are classified into nine sections or vehicles. These are the three vehicles of sutric teachings, Shrava-kayana, Pratyekabuddhayana, and Bodhisattvayana; the three outer tantric vehicles of Kriya, Upa, and Yoga; and the three inner tantric vehicles of Maha, Anu, and Ati. The six vehicles refer to the three sutric vehicles and to the three outer tantras. +
The rainbow body, synonymous with the diamond body (rdo rje sku), is the name given to the attainment of Buddha-hood according to the practices of the Great Perfection of the Nyingma school. There are three kinds of rainbow body: the rainbow body so called (ja I us), the radiant body ('od sku), and the rainbow body of great transfer-ence (ja Ins 'pho ba chen po). The first is attained through the practice of Trekcho. When someone accomplished in this practice dies, his or her body will be seen to emit rainbow light and diminish (often very considerably) in size. After about a week, if left undisturbed, the body will disappear completely, leaving behind only hair and finger- and toenails. Yogis have demonstrated this attainment well into modern times, indeed the present day. The Radiant Body is accomplished through a Dzogchen practice called thogal, and at death the body is transformed directly into light, leaving behind no remainder whatever. In the case of the rainbow body of great transference (ja Itis \pho ba chen po), the accomplished practitioner trans-forms his physical body into an indestructible form composed of rainbow light and continues to live for centuries, remaining visible for as much this is of benefit for sentient beings. When there is no further purpose for such a manifestation, the practitioner dissolves his or her body into a radiant body and merges into the Primordial Ground. +
The focus or object of a practitioner's devotion, offerings, and prayers, whereby merit and wisdom are accumu-lated on the path towards enlightenment. +
Diamond Vehicle. Corpus of teach-ings and practices based on the tantras, scriptures that discourse upon the primordial purity of the mind. It is the vehicle of result, as opposed to the causal vehicle of Shravakas and Bodhisattvas. Synonym of Matitrayatia. +
The first of the three outer tantras, according to the Nyingma system of the nine vehicles, in which emphasis is placed on the purification of the body and speech. +
A form of a Buddha used as a support in meditation in the Mantrayana. Such deities may be masculine or feminine, peaceful or wrathful, and are regarded as being inseparable from the mind of the meditator. +
Inner heat generated in the course of a certain yogic practice of the same name, belonging to the level of Anuyoga. TWELVE INTERDEPENDENT LINKS (rten 'brel, Tib.; pratityasamutpada, Skt.). The twelvefold chain of interdependent arising, which defines the whole round of samsaric experience. These are (1) ignorance (ma rig pa), (2) conditioning factors ('du byed), (3) consciousness (mam shes), (4) form and mind (ming dang gztigs), (5) the six senses (skye inched), (6) contact (reg pa), (7) feeling (tshor ba), (8) desire (sredpa), (9) craving (tenpa), (10) becoming (srid pa), (11) birth (skye ba), (12) aging and death (rga shi). TWOFOLD GOAL (don gnyis, Tib.). Enlightenment for oneself and the immediate and ultimate benefit of others. +
The Great Vehicle, the tradition of Buddhism practiced mostly in the countries of northern Asia, China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Tibet, and the Himalayan regions. The characteristic of Mahayana is universal compassion and the desire to deliver all sentient beings from suffering and its causes. To this purpose, the goal of the Mahayana is the attainment of the supreme enlightenment of Buddhahood, and the path consists of the practice of the six paramitas. On the philosophical level, the Mahayana comprises two principal schools, Madhyamika and Chittamatra or Yogachara. The Vajrayana, the tantric teachings of Buddhism, is also a branch of the Mahayana. +
The crown protuberance that is a mark of Buddhahood and is to be seen on all traditional representations of the Buddha in more or less realistic or stylized form. +
Lit., Knowledge-Holder. A being of high spiritual attainment. According to the Nyingma tradition, there are four levels of Vidyadhara, corresponding to the ten levels of realization of the Sutrayana and the state of Buddhahood. They are (1) the Vidyadhara with residues, (2) the Vidyadhara with power over life, (3) the Mahamudra Vidyadhara, (4) the Spontaneous Vidyadhara. +