The first of the three outer tantras, according to the Nyingma system of the nine vehicles, in which emphasis is placed on the purification of the body and speech. +
A form of a Buddha used as a support in meditation in the Mantrayana. Such deities may be masculine or feminine, peaceful or wrathful, and are regarded as being inseparable from the mind of the meditator. +
Inner heat generated in the course of a certain yogic practice of the same name, belonging to the level of Anuyoga. TWELVE INTERDEPENDENT LINKS (rten 'brel, Tib.; pratityasamutpada, Skt.). The twelvefold chain of interdependent arising, which defines the whole round of samsaric experience. These are (1) ignorance (ma rig pa), (2) conditioning factors ('du byed), (3) consciousness (mam shes), (4) form and mind (ming dang gztigs), (5) the six senses (skye inched), (6) contact (reg pa), (7) feeling (tshor ba), (8) desire (sredpa), (9) craving (tenpa), (10) becoming (srid pa), (11) birth (skye ba), (12) aging and death (rga shi). TWOFOLD GOAL (don gnyis, Tib.). Enlightenment for oneself and the immediate and ultimate benefit of others. +
The Great Vehicle, the tradition of Buddhism practiced mostly in the countries of northern Asia, China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Tibet, and the Himalayan regions. The characteristic of Mahayana is universal compassion and the desire to deliver all sentient beings from suffering and its causes. To this purpose, the goal of the Mahayana is the attainment of the supreme enlightenment of Buddhahood, and the path consists of the practice of the six paramitas. On the philosophical level, the Mahayana comprises two principal schools, Madhyamika and Chittamatra or Yogachara. The Vajrayana, the tantric teachings of Buddhism, is also a branch of the Mahayana. +
The crown protuberance that is a mark of Buddhahood and is to be seen on all traditional representations of the Buddha in more or less realistic or stylized form. +
Lit., Knowledge-Holder. A being of high spiritual attainment. According to the Nyingma tradition, there are four levels of Vidyadhara, corresponding to the ten levels of realization of the Sutrayana and the state of Buddhahood. They are (1) the Vidyadhara with residues, (2) the Vidyadhara with power over life, (3) the Mahamudra Vidyadhara, (4) the Spontaneous Vidyadhara. +
The Great Seal, i.e., the seal of emptiness on all phenomena. It refers both to the path (teaching and practice of the Mahamudra) and the result (accomplishment of Mahamudra). Mahamudra is comparable to the Nyingma teachings of Dzogchen, from which it is, however, subtly different. MAHASIDDHA, Skt. (grub thob chen po, Tib.). See Siddha +
These represent the fundamental practices of the Mahayana path. The six are Generosity, Ethical Discipline, Patience, Diligence, Concentration, and Wisdom. The ten consist of the six just mentioned but with the last perfection of wisdom broken down into the aspects of Means (thabs). Strength (stobs), Aspiration (smon lam), and Primordial Wisdom (ye shes). They are called transcendent because, in conjunction with wisdom, they lead beyond samsara. +
The three objects of refuge as expressed in the tantric teachings. These are the Guru, who is the root of blessings; the Yidam, the root of accomplishment; and the Dakinis, the root of activities. +