Property:Gloss-term
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bden pa bzhi;Four truths;four truths;The truths of suffering, origin, cessation, and path expounded by the Buddha Shakyamuni in his first teaching following his enlightenment. These teachings, referred to as the first turning of the Dharma wheel, are the foundation of the Hinayana and Mahayana teachings. +
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Kamalashila;(713—763). The principal disciple of Shantarakshita and an exponent with him of the Yogachara Madhyamika school. He was invited to Tibet, where he successfully debated with the Chinese master Hashang Mahayana, thereby definitively establishing the gradual approach of the Indian tradition as normative for Tibetan Buddhism. +
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med dgag;Nonaffirming negative;nonaffirming negative;''See'' Affirming negative. +
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sgrib gnyis;Two obscurations;two obscurations;(1) Emotional obscurations (''nyon sgrib'') such as the afflictions of attachment and anger and (2) cognitive obscuration (''shes sgrib''), that is, dualistic conceptual thinking, which prevents omniscience. These two obscurations are like veils that cover the ultimate nature of the mind and phenomena. They are also respectively referred to as attachment and impediment (''chags thogs''). +
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chags thogs;Attachment and impediment;attachment and impediment;''See'' Two obscurations. +
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sgra mi snyan;Uttarakuru;The northern cosmic continent, where beings possess natural discipline. +
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rgyal ba;Conqueror;conqueror;jina;An epithet of the Buddha. +
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zhi gnas;Shamatha;Essentially a concentration in which the mind remains unmoving on an object of focus. It is a state of calm abiding which though of great importance is itself incapable of overcoming ignorance and the conception of a self. ''See also'' Vipashyana. +
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'gog pa'i snyoms 'jug;Absorption of cessation;absorption of cessation;According to the Mahayana presentation, this is the absorption practiced by the Shravakas and Pratyekabuddhas as a means of gaining contentment in the course of their present existence. It involves the cessation of the sense consciousnesses and the defiled emotional consciousness. Bodhisattvas also enter this absorption, not, however, as an end in itself, but as a method of training in concentration. +
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rgyud bzhi;Four classes of tantra;four classes of tantra;''See'' Tantra. +
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theg pa chen po;Great Vehicle;great vehicle;Mahayana;''See'' Mahayana. +
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dbu ma'i lam;Madhyamika;The Middle Way philosophy of shunyata, or emptiness, which avoids the extreme ontological positions of existence and nonexistence. It was first propounded by the Indian master Nagarjuna in the latter half of the second century C.E. and is still upheld in Tibetan Buddhism as the supreme philosophical view. +
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rnam gnon ngang tshul;Vikramashila;An ancient Indian monastic university founded in the eighth century and second only to Nalanda in importance. +
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gtso bo;Prakriti;The primal substance;one of the two great principles that account for the manifested universe according to the Hindu Samkhya philosophy. Prakriti comprises the three gunas, or universal qualities, which, when disturbed, give rise to the phenomenal appearances of the world. ''See'' Purusha. +
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Ati,Atiyoga;The last and highest of the inner tantras, the summit of the system of nine vehicles according to the Nyingma classification;a synonym of Dzogchen (''rdzogs pa chen po''), the Great Perfection. +
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'phags pa lha;Aryadeva;The direct disciple and "heart son" of Nagarjuna. He was a powerful advocate of Nagarjuna's teaching later to be known as the Madhyamika. He probably lived at the turn of the second and third centuries c.e. His most celebrated work is the ''Catuhshatakashastra-karika, The Four Hundred Verses on the Middle Way''. +
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don dam bden pa;Absolute truth;absolute truth;The ultimate nature of the mind and the true status of all phenomena, the state beyond all conceptual constructs which can be known only by primordial wisdom and in a manner that transcends duality. Thus defined, this is the absolute truth "in-itself" (''rnam grangs ma yin pa'i don dam''), which is ineffable. This is different from the likeness or similitude of the absolute truth that is experienced or known as one approaches it through the avenues of rational analysis and meditation on the absence of origin and so on. For here one is still within the sphere of the relative truth. Nevertheless, since this is the authentic method of progressing toward a direct realization of the absolute and is in accord with it, it is called the "approximate" absolute (''rnam grangs pa'i don dam'') or "concordant" absolute (''mthun pa'i don dam''). +
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chings chen po lnga;Five-element structure;five-element structure;In his ''Vyakhyayukti'', Vasubandhu describes a five-element structure around which treatises are to be composed. This comprises the purpose of the treatise (''dgos pa''), the correct arrangement of its parts (''mtshams sbyor''), the explanation itself (''tshig don''), its overall meaning (''bsdus don''), and responses to possible objections ('' 'gal lan''). +
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dngos grub;Siddhi;''See'' Accomplishment. +
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bde bar gshegs pa;Sugata;lit. "One who has gone to, and proceeds in, bliss." An epithet of the Buddhas. +
