Property:Gloss-term
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nyon mongs pa;Afflictions;afflictions;klesha;Mental factors that produce states of mental torment both immediately and in the long term. The five principal kleshas, which are sometimes called poisons, are attachment, hatred, ignorance, envy, and pride. +
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theg dman;Hinayana;The fundamental system of Buddhist thought and practice deriving from the first turning of the wheel of Dharma and centering around the teachings on the four noble truths and the twelvefold chain of dependent arising. In situations where it might be understood in a pejorative sense, Hinayana (small or low vehicle) is often avoided in favor of Shravakayana (the vehicle of the Shravakas or Hearers). It should in any case be noted that in Tibetan Buddhism, the Hinayana is regarded as an intrinsic part, indeed the foundation, of the teachings and is not disparaged, even though the narrowly "hinayana motivation," of aiming solely for one's own liberation (as contrasted with the universal attitude of bodhichitta), is considered incomplete and insufficient. Altogether there were eighteen hinayana schools, of which only one, the Theravada, still exists today, existing mainly in the countries of south Asia. +
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sgrib pa;Defilements;defilements;''See'' Obscurations. +
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'bras bu chen po;Great Fruit;great fruit;The twelfth level of the form realm corresponding to the highest, but still mundane (i.e., not beyond samsara), level of the fourth samadhi. +
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legs lden byed;Bhavaviveka;An important fifth-century master of the Madhyamika teachings and initiator of the Svatantrika school. ''See also'' Svatantrika. +
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'khor lo;wheel;wheel;Chakra;These are centers of the psychophysical wind energy located at the different points on the central channel, from which smaller channels radiate to the rest of the body. Depending on the teachings and practice in question, their number varies from four to six. +
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nyan thos;Shravaka;One who hears the teachings of the Buddha, practices them, and transmits them to others with a view to his or her personal liberation from samsara, rather than the perfect enlightenment of buddhahood. Shravakas are practitioners of the Root Vehicle, or Hinayana, which is often for that reason called the Shravakayana. +
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jo bo rje;Atisha;Also known as Dipamkarashrijnana (982—1054), abbot of the Indian monastic university of Vikramashila. Philosophically, he is considered to be Prasangika Madhyamika in the school of Chandrakirti, although he also upheld the teachings of the Yogachara Madhyamika. He came to Tibet at the invitation of the king Yeshe Ö to restore the Buddhadharma after its persecution by Langdarma. He introduced there the Mind Training teachings (''blo 'byongs''), which he received from his teacher Suvarnadvipa Dharmakirti and which are a synthesis of the bodhichitta traditions of Nagarjuna and Asanga. He was also a master of the tantra teachings. His main disciple and successor was the upasaka Dromton ('' 'brom ston''), who founded the Kadampa school and built the monastery of Reting (''rwa sgreng''). Atisha died at Nyethang in Tibet in 1054. +
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mngon shes;Preternatural knowledge;preternatural knowledge;A kind of clairvoyance. There are six kinds of preternatural knowledge. The first five (knowledge of the past lives, etc.) can occur even in the experience of ordinary beings. The sixth one, the knowledge of the total elimination of obscurations, is the exclusive preserve of a Buddha. +
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bdud bzhi;Four demons;four demons;''See'' Demon. +
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kun tu bzang po;Samantabhadra;(1) Bodhisattva Samantabhadra, one of the eight Close Sons of the Buddha, renowned for his offerings emanated through the power of his concentration;(2) the primordial Buddha who has never fallen into delusion, the symbol of awareness, the ever-present pure and luminous nature of the mind. +
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tshangs ris;Heaven of the Pure;heaven of the pure;The first level of the first samadhi of the form realm. +
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mi dal ba brgyad;Eight conditions that lack freedom to practice the Dharma;eight conditions that lack freedom to practice the dharma;Eight existential states in which spiritual growth is either impossible or severely hampered. These are the conditions of hell beings, pretas, animals, long-lived gods without perception, the inhabitants of barbarous lands, people who are severely handicapped physically and mentally, and people who espouse false beliefs or who live in a kalpa in which no Buddha has appeared. +
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gsang sngags;Mantrayana;''See'' Vajrayana. +
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skyes bu 'bring;Beings of middle scope;beings of middle scope;Practitioners of the Hinayana teachings who aspire to liberation from the cycle of existences. +
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khyung;Garuda;A kind of bird, in both Indian and Tibetan tradition. A creature of great size, it hatches already fledged and is able to fly at once. It is therefore used as a symbol of primordial wisdom. +
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bde ba can;Sukhavati;lit. the Blissful. The name of the "Western Paradise," the pure land of the Buddha Amitabha. +
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dug gsum;Three poisons;three poisons;The three main afflictions of attachment, hatred, and ignorance. ''See'' Afflictions. +
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sems byung;Mental factors;mental factors;''See'' Main mind. +
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bar do;An intermediary state;an intermediary state;Bardo;bardo;An intermediary state. This term most often refers to the state between death and subsequent rebirth. In fact, human experience encompasses six types of bardo: the bardo of the present life (''rang bzhin skye gnas bar do''), the bardo of meditation (''bsam gtan gyi bar do''), the bardo of dream (''rmi lam gyi bar do''), the bardo of dying ('' 'chi ka'i bar do''), the luminous bardo of ultimate reality (''chos nyid bar do''), and the bardo of becoming (''srid pa'i bar do''). The first three bardos unfold in the course of life. The second three refer to the death and rebirth process which terminates at conception at the beginning of the subsequent existence. +
