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lha;Gods;gods;deva;According to the Buddhist tradition, a class of beings, superior to humans, who, although not immortal, enjoy immense power, bliss, and longevity. The Tibetan and Sanskrit terms are also used to refer to powerful spirits as well as to the deities visualized in tantric meditation, which are not to be understood as "gods" in the ordinary sense of the word. Occasionally, the term is also used in a technical sense to refer to the Buddha or to the guru, as well as, honorifically, to great and powerful kings. The Tibetan usage reflects that of the Sanskrit term, which is rich and elusive in meaning. Originally it seems to have meant "bright" and, later, the "bright ones who give to man." Accordingly, the range of meaning is wide and covers the sun and moon as universal luminaries, human parents who give life and sustenance, and thence to the learned and to spiritual guides who impart knowledge. +
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'dus byas;Compounded phenomenon;compounded phenomenon;A phenomenon belonging to the relative level, so called because it appears to arise, abide, and eventually cease. +
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dzam bu gling;Jambudvipa;lit. the land of rose-apples. The southern continent of the four situated around Mount Meru. Jambudvipa is the human world in which we live. +
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byams pa;Maitreya;The "Loving One," one of the eight Close Sons of the Buddha and a tenth-ground Bodhisattva. He resides in the Tushita heaven as the Buddha's regent and will appear on earth as the next Buddha of this Fortunate Kalpa. ''See also'' Asanga. +
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gzugs khams;Form realm;form realm;The second of the three worlds of existence. It is divided into four levels of samadhi which, all together, are again subdivided into seventeen spheres. These are the heavens of: (1) the Pure (''tshangs ris'');(2) Priests of Brahma (''tshangs pa'i mdun na 'don'');(3) Great Pure Ones (''tshangs chen'');(4) Dim Light ('' 'od chung'');(5) Measureless Light (''tshad med 'od'');(6) Clear Light ('' 'od gsal'');(7) Lesser Virtue (''dge chung'');(8) Limitless Virtue (''tshad med dge''), (9) Flourishing Virtue (''dge rgyas'');(10) Cloudless (''sprin med'');(11) Merit-Born (''bsod nams skyes'');(12) Great Fruit ('' 'bras bu che'');(13) Not Greater (''mi che ba'');(14) Without Distress (''mi gdung ba'');(15) Manifest Richness (''gya nom snang ba'');(16) Good Vision (''shin tu mthong ba'');(17) Akanishta (the Unsurpassed, '' 'og min''). This realm is characterized by the absence of gross afflictive emotions. Beings in the form realm remain in blissful states of meditative concentration. +
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dam tshig;Samaya;The sacramental bond and commitment in the Vajrayana established between the master and the disciples on whom empowerment is conferred. The samaya bond exists also between the disciples of the same master and between disciples and their practice. +
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Yogachara;''See'' Chittamatrins. +
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rdo rje 'dzin pa;Holder of the vajra;holder of the vajra;a tide given to the holder of the three kinds of discipline or vow. +
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Zur;zur;Teachers of Zur family lineage. Many Nyingmapa teachers of the tenth to twelfth centuries belonged to this clan. They were renowned for both their knowledge and their attainments. +
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rong zom chos kyi bzang po;Rongzom Chökyi Zangpo;rongzom chökyi zangpo;Also known as Rongzom Pandita, an eleventh-century scholar and commentator of the Nyingma school. +
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bla ma;Lama;lama;Tibetan term for a highly realized spiritual teacher, the equivalent of the Sanskrit word guru. In colloquial language, however, it is sometimes used as a polite way of addressing a monk. +
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theg pa chen po;Mahayana;The Great Vehicle, the tradition of Buddhism practiced mostly in the countries of northern Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Tibet, and the Himalayan regions. The characteristic of Mahayana is the profound view of the emptiness of the ego and of all phenomena, coupled with universal compassion and the desire to deliver all beings from suffering and its causes. To this purpose, the goal of the Mahayana is the attainment of the supreme enlightenment of buddhahood, and the path consists of the practice of the six paramitas. On the philosophical level, the Mahayana comprises two principal schools, Madhyamika and Chittamatra or Yogachara. The Vajrayana is a branch of the Mahayana. +
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zhi khro lha;Peaceful and wrathful deities;peaceful and wrathful deities;Meditational deities in peaceful or wrathful forms figuring in the Vajrayana and representing different aspects of the buddha nature. +
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mkhan po;Abbot;abbot;In general, the transmitter of the monastic vows. This title is also given to a person who has attained a high degree of knowledge of Dharma and is authorized to teach it. +
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nyon yid;Defiled emotional consciousness;defiled emotional consciousness;See Eight consciousnesses. +
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sgrib pa;Obscurations;obscurations;avarana;Mental factors which veil the nature of the mind. ''See'' Two obscurations. +
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thabs;Skillful means;skillful means;upaya;This refers to compassion, that is, the counterpart of the wisdom of emptiness. By extension, it refers to all kinds of action and training performed with the attitude of bodhichitta. +
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dbu ma chen po;Great Madhyamika;great madhyamika;In the Nyingma and Kagyu traditions, the name given to the fusion of the teachings of the second and third turnings of the Dharma wheel. These two turnings are paralleled, respectively, by the approach of Nagarjuna, the view that ultimate reality is beyond conceptual formulation, and the approach of Asanga, the view that ultimate reality is the buddha nature, the tathagatagarbha, free from all defects and primordially endowed with all enlightened qualities. The Great Madhyamika is also referred to as the Yogachara Madhyamika, for it stresses the role of meditation in the realization of ultimate reality, the nature of the mind. Associated with this system is the expression ''gzhan stong'', "emptiness of other," referring to the understanding that ultimate reality is an emptiness which is a freedom from all factors extraneous to itself. In other words, it is a positive value and not a mere negation. +
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sgrol sde;Vimuktasena;A predecessor of Shantarakshita as an exponent of the upper school of the Svatantrika, but not considered its founder. +
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mtha' brgyad;Eight extremes;eight extremes;Phenomena are beyond the extremes of cessation and origin;they are not nothing and they are not eternal;they do not come and they do not go;they are not distinct and they are not one. Parallel with this, they are like dreams, illusions, mirages, reflections, optical illusions, echoes, castles in the clouds, and magical displays. These eight similes illustrate the indivisibility of the absolute and relative truths. +
