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bla ma;Lama;lama;Tibetan term for a highly realized spiritual teacher, the equivalent of the Sanskrit word guru. In colloquial language, however, it is sometimes used as a polite way of addressing a monk. +
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theg pa chen po;Mahayana;The Great Vehicle, the tradition of Buddhism practiced mostly in the countries of northern Asia: China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Tibet, and the Himalayan regions. The characteristic of Mahayana is the profound view of the emptiness of the ego and of all phenomena, coupled with universal compassion and the desire to deliver all beings from suffering and its causes. To this purpose, the goal of the Mahayana is the attainment of the supreme enlightenment of buddhahood, and the path consists of the practice of the six paramitas. On the philosophical level, the Mahayana comprises two principal schools, Madhyamika and Chittamatra or Yogachara. The Vajrayana is a branch of the Mahayana. +
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zhi khro lha;Peaceful and wrathful deities;peaceful and wrathful deities;Meditational deities in peaceful or wrathful forms figuring in the Vajrayana and representing different aspects of the buddha nature. +
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mkhan po;Abbot;abbot;In general, the transmitter of the monastic vows. This title is also given to a person who has attained a high degree of knowledge of Dharma and is authorized to teach it. +
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nyon yid;Defiled emotional consciousness;defiled emotional consciousness;See Eight consciousnesses. +
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sgrib pa;Obscurations;obscurations;avarana;Mental factors which veil the nature of the mind. ''See'' Two obscurations. +
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thabs;Skillful means;skillful means;upaya;This refers to compassion, that is, the counterpart of the wisdom of emptiness. By extension, it refers to all kinds of action and training performed with the attitude of bodhichitta. +
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dbu ma chen po;Great Madhyamika;great madhyamika;In the Nyingma and Kagyu traditions, the name given to the fusion of the teachings of the second and third turnings of the Dharma wheel. These two turnings are paralleled, respectively, by the approach of Nagarjuna, the view that ultimate reality is beyond conceptual formulation, and the approach of Asanga, the view that ultimate reality is the buddha nature, the tathagatagarbha, free from all defects and primordially endowed with all enlightened qualities. The Great Madhyamika is also referred to as the Yogachara Madhyamika, for it stresses the role of meditation in the realization of ultimate reality, the nature of the mind. Associated with this system is the expression ''gzhan stong'', "emptiness of other," referring to the understanding that ultimate reality is an emptiness which is a freedom from all factors extraneous to itself. In other words, it is a positive value and not a mere negation. +
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sgrol sde;Vimuktasena;A predecessor of Shantarakshita as an exponent of the upper school of the Svatantrika, but not considered its founder. +
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mtha' brgyad;Eight extremes;eight extremes;Phenomena are beyond the extremes of cessation and origin;they are not nothing and they are not eternal;they do not come and they do not go;they are not distinct and they are not one. Parallel with this, they are like dreams, illusions, mirages, reflections, optical illusions, echoes, castles in the clouds, and magical displays. These eight similes illustrate the indivisibility of the absolute and relative truths. +
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sgra gcan;Rahu;A mythical demon believed to cause eclipses by devouring the sun and moon. +
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srid rtse;Peak of Existence;peak of existence;The highest level in the formless realm and thus the summit of all possible states in the dimension of wordly experience. +
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sangs rgyas skyongs;Buddhapalita;Fifth-century master of Madhyamika who first explicitly asserted prasanga or reductio ad absurdum as the appropriate method for Madhyamika disputation, thereby heralding the Prasangika Madhyamika school as later systematized by Chandrakirti. +
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sgrub thabs;Sadhana;Method of accomplishment. A tantric meditative practice involving the visualization of deities and the recitation of mantra. +
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rlung;Wind energy;wind energy;prana;A psychophysical component that circulates in the subtle channels of the body and acts as the support of the mind. In ordinary beings the wind energy is impure. It is called karmic energy (''las kyi rlung'') because it is contaminated by karma. When purified, however, it becomes wisdom energy (''ye shes kyi rlung''). +
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gnyis snang;Perception of mere appearance;perception of mere appearance;Despite the fact that they have realized emptiness on attaining the path of seeing, Bodhisattvas traversing the path of meditation, when not absorbed in meditative equipoise, continue to experience the percept and the perceiving mind as two separate entities. This is the residue of dualistic habit, which continues but gradually fades away, until full enlightenment is attained, even though, by virtue of their realization, the Bodhisattvas in question have long abandoned any belief in the reality of the phenomena that continue to appear to them. +
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lam lnga;Five paths;five paths;panchamarga;''See'' Path. +
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Nalanda;The famous monastic university built at the birthplace of Shariputra some distance north of Bodhgaya in Bihar and near Rajgir or Vulture Peak where Shakyamuni Buddha expounded the sutras of the Prajnaparamita. The place where many of the greatest masters of the Mahayana lived, studied, and taught, Nalanda had a long and illustrious history. +
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bsod nams;Merit;merit;Positive energy arising from wholesome action or virtue (''dge ba''). There are two kinds of merit: (1) mere "merit tending to happiness" (''bsod nams tsam po pa'' or ''bsod nams cha mthun'') and (2) "merit tending to liberation" (''thar pa cha mthun''), on the basis of which the mind progresses toward emancipation from samsara. "Stainless merit" (''zag med dge ba'') is merit tending to liberation, accumulated on the five paths. See also Virtue tending to happiness;Virtue tending to liberation. +
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bstan bcos;Shastra;A commentary on the words of the Buddha. +
