The general outer preliminaries are the four mind-changings; the special inner preliminaries are the four times hundred-thousand practices of refuge and bodhichitta, Vajrasattva recitation, mandala offering, and guru yoga. For details, see The Torch of Certainty (Shambhala Publications, 1977) and The Great Gate (Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 1989). +
The nature of one's mind, which is taught to be identical with the essence of all enlightened beings, the sugatagarbha. It should be distinguished from "mind" (sems), which refers to ordinary discursive thinking based on ignorance of the nature of thought. +
Characteristics such as arising and ceasing, singularity or plurality, coming and going, permanence and annihilation, which are falsely attributed to the nature of things or to sugatagarbha. +