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Sir Aurel Stein, (born Nov. 26, 1862, Budapest, Hung.—died Oct. 26, 1943, Kabul, Afg.), Hungarian–British archaeologist and geographer whose travels and research in central Asia, particularly in Chinese Turkistan, revealed much about its strategic role in history.<br> Principal of the Oriental College, Lahore, Punjab, India (now in Pakistan; 1888–99), in 1892 he published his Sanskrit edition of the only known surviving ancient Indian historical work, the 12th-century ''Rājataraṅgiṇī'' by Kalhaṇa. His English translation, ''A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr'', followed in 1900.<br> In that year he began the first of his central Asian expeditions, traveling through westernmost China to Khotan. In the course of this and three other expeditions (1906–08, 1913–16, and 1930), he traced the ancient caravan routes between China and the West, made valuable geographical observations on little-known regions, and collected many documents and artifacts, from Neolithic stone tools to 8th-century-AD grave findings and textiles. Near Tun-huang he discovered the Cave of the Thousand Buddhas, unknown outside China, which, with its extraordinary assemblage of paintings, temple banners, and documents, had been walled up since the 11th century. Many of the treasures he found are in the Asian Antiquities Museum, New Delhi. The results of his work of this period were published in ''Ancient Khotan'', 2 vol. (1907), ''Serindia'', 5 vol. (1921), and ''Innermost Asia'', 4 vol. (1928).<br> Superintendent of the Indian Archaeological Survey (1910–29), Stein was also interested in Greco-Buddhist remains and in tracing Alexander the Great’s eastern campaigns. In 1926, at Pīr Sarāi, near the Indus River, he identified the site of Alexander’s storming of the nearly impregnable Rock of Aornos. Other studies by Stein added to the precise knowledge of Alexander’s movements in Asia. In an effort to elucidate the relationship between Mesopotamian and Indus civilizations, Stein investigated ancient mounds in Iran and Baluchistan. He also carried out an aerial photographic reconnaissance of the Roman frontiers in Iraq. Near his 81st birthday, his long-standing wish to explore in Afghanistan was granted, but he died there before he could commence his work. A British subject from 1904, he was knighted in 1912. ([https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aurel-Stein Source Accessed June 19, 2020])
Rolf Alfred Stein (13 June 1911 – 9 October 1999) was a German-born French Sinologist and Tibetologist. He contributed in particular to the study of the ''Epic of King Gesar'', on which he wrote two books, and the use of Chinese sources in Tibetan history. He was the first scholar to correctly identify the ''Minyag'' of Tibetan sources with the Xixia of Chinese sources.
Stein was born in Schwetz (now Świecie, Poland) to a family of Jewish origin in 1911. As a young man, Stein became interested in the occult, and it was from there that his interest in Tibet began.
He received his first degree in Chinese from the ''Seminar für Orientalische Sprachen'' at the University of Berlin in 1933. He fled to France the same year. He obtained degrees from l'École nationale des langues orientales vivantes in Chinese (1934) and Japanese (1936). In Paris he studied Tibetan with Jacques Bacot and Marcelle Lalou. He became a French citizen on 30 August 1939. Stein spent the Second World War in French Indo-China, working as a translator and where he was taken prisoner by the Japanese. He completed his ''doctorat d'État'' in 1960 on the Gesar epic.
Stein was a professor at the École pratique des hautes études, Ve section (''Religions de la Chine et de la Haute Asie'') from 1951 until 1975. He was a professor at the prestigious Collège de France from 1966 until 1982. He died in 1999. He was married to a Vietnamese lady from the highlands and adopted a daughter of Vietnamese-French descent.
Among Stein's most notable students were Anne-Marie Blondeau, Ariane Macdonald-Spanien, Samten Karmay, Yamaguchi Zuiho, and Yoshiro Imaeda. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Stein Source Accessed Jan 20, 2020]) +
I have been interested for some time in the sites and economies of practice that mediated religious life in Middle Period China (10th–14th centuries), particularly as they applied to persons who identified themselves (or others) as “Buddhist.” This interest arises from the conviction that religious subjects and their traditions are not static and monolithically constituted entities, but disparate works in progress, the estimations of which are ceaselessly negotiated in relation to a diversity of shifting idioms, obligations, and historical contingencies. To me the key question becomes one of processes and agencies of cultural practice, and that question in turn implies networks, that is to say, the sites and channels through which cultural data move, locate, and come to be collectively embodied.
I am working on several projects at the moment, all of which focus on Song (960–1279) and Yuan period China (1279–1368). ([https://religiousstudies.ku.edu/daniel-stevenson Source Accessed October 22, 2019]) +
Sthiramati. (T. Bio gros brtan pa; C. Anhui; J. An’e/Anne; K. Anhye 安慧) (475-555). Indian Buddhist philosopher associated particularly with Yogācāra school. His dates are uncertain (leading one scholar to posit three figures with this name), but he is generally placed in the sixth century, although he is said to have been a disciple of both Vasubandhu and Guņamati. Sthiramati seems to have been primarily based in Valabhī, but may have also studied at Nālandā. He wrote a number of important commentaries on such Yogācāra works as the ''Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra'' and ''Madhyāntavibhāga'' of Maitreyanātha and Vasubandhu's Triṃśikā. (Source: "Sthiramati." In ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism'', 859. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n41q.27.) +
Jacqueline Stone joined the Princeton faculty in 1990. She teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in Buddhism and Japanese religions. Her chief research field is Japanese Buddhism of the medieval and modern periods. Her current research areas include death and dying in Buddhist cultures, Buddhism and nationalism, and traditions of the ''Lotus Sutra'', particularly Tendai and Nichiren. She is the author of ''Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism'', which received a 2001 American Academy of Religion Award for Excellence in the Study of Religion. She has co-edited ''The Buddhist Dead: Practices, Discourses, Representations'' (with Bryan J. Cuevas, 2007), ''Readings of the Lotus Sutra'' (with Stephen F. Teiser, 2009), and other volumes of collected essays. Her newest book, ''Right Thoughts at the Last Moment: Buddhism and Deathbed Practices in Early Medieval Japan'' (working title), is forthcoming from University of Hawai`i Press. She has been president of the Society for the Study of Japanese Religions and co-chair of the Buddhism section of the American Academy of Religion. Currently she is vice president of the editorial board of the Kuroda Institute for the Study of Buddhism and serves on the advisory board of the ''Japanese Journal of Religious Studies''. ([https://religion.princeton.edu/people/faculty/core-faculty/jacqueline-stone/ Source Accessed Aug 6, 2020]) +
Mark Strange is a Sinologist with research interests in the history of political thought and the historiography of pre-modern China, in particular between the third and eleventh centuries AD. He has taught Chinese history and Literary Chinese language at the Universities of Warwick, Oxford, and Cambridge. He joined the Australian National University in 2012. ([http://ciw.anu.edu.au/people/mark-strange Source Accessed Jan 6, 2020]) +
Fumihiko Sueki, PhD, is a professor emeritus of the University of Tokyo, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, and the International Research Center for Japanese Studies. His research focuses mainly on reconstruction of the intellectual history of Buddhism in Japan from ancient to modern times. He is the author and editor of a number of books, mainly on Japanese Buddhism and the history of Japanese philosophy and religion. ([https://rk-world.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/DW18_7-12.pdf Source Accessed Sep 17, 2021]) +
Hao Sun, born 1987 in Nanjing, China, finished his major subjects of Sanskrit and Pali Languages & Literatures and minor subject of Japanese Language at Peking University, where he worked as one of the translators in the translation programme of Dīghanikāya from Pali into modern Chinese (published in 2012) and gained a Master’s degree with his work on Dvattiṃsākāraṃ of the Pāli Canon. He was an exchange-student from 2007 to 2008 at the Nepal Sanskrit University in Kathmandu. Since 2012 he pursued his doctor’s degree at the University of Hamburg. His PhD thesis centered on the Buddha-nature thought in the Śrīmālāsūtra. He is now working on the project "The Ethical Framework for Buddhist Meditation Practice". ([https://www.buddhismuskunde.uni-hamburg.de/en/personen/sun.html Source Accessed July 18, 2023]) +
Dominic D. Z. Sur is an Assistant Professor of Religious Studies, teaching courses in world religions and Buddhism. Dr. Sur's recent publications include ''Entering the Way of the Great Vehicle: Dzogchen as the Culmination of the Mahāyāna'' (2017). He is presently working on a study of the rise of scholasticism and sectarian identity in eleventh century Tibet. ([https://history.usu.edu/faculty/faculty-directory/dominic-sur Source Accessed Jan 27, 2020])
*'''Recent Publications:'''
**Constituting Canon and Community in Eleventh Century Tibet: The Extant Writings of Rongzom and His Charter of Mantrins (sngags pa’i bca’ yig). Religions (2017) 8, 40. [https://www.academia.edu/31878104/Constituting_Canon_and_Community_in_Eleventh_Century_Tibet_The_Extant_Writings_of_Rongzom_and_His_Charter_of_Mantrins_sngags_pai_bca_yig_?email_work_card=title doi:10.3390/rel8030040] +
Surendrabodhi (Wyl. lha dbang byang chub) was an Indian paṇḍita who came to Samye at the time of Trisong Deutsen. The following information has been complied by Dan Martin:
* One of the Indian teachers invited to Tibet in time of Emperor ral pa can (early 9th century). See the shorter Lde'u history (p. 135), where the name is spelled su len tra bo de.
* In list of South Asian pundits in bu ston's History (1989), p. 280.7.
* In list of imperial period pundits in Tibet contained in zhu chen, bstan 'gyur dkar chag, p. 158, line 19.
* Stog Palace catalogue, index.
* su randra bodhi. Translator in time of Emperor Ral pa can. Padma dkar po, Chos 'byung, p. 331.
* Biographical Dictionary of Tibet and Tibetan Buddhism, vol. 1, p. 565. Surendrabodhi — in Tibetan translation, Lha dbang byang chub — in time of Ral pa can. Mtshan tho, no. 18. ([http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/Surendrabodhi Source Accessed Aug 18, 2020]) +
Floring Giripescu Sutton was Assistant Professor of Oriental Philosophy at Rutgers University. +
Daisetsu Teitaro Suzuki (鈴木 大拙 貞太郎 ''Suzuki Daisetsu Teitarō''; he rendered his name "Daisetz" in 1894; 18 October 1870 – 12 July 1966) was a Japanese author of books and essays on Buddhism, Zen and Shin that were instrumental in spreading interest in both Zen and Shin (and Far Eastern philosophy in general) to the West. Suzuki was also a prolific translator of Chinese, Japanese, and Sanskrit literature. Suzuki spent several lengthy stretches teaching or lecturing at Western universities, and devoted many years to a professorship at Ōtani University, a Japanese Buddhist school. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1963. ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.T._Suzuki Source Accessed July 30, 2020]) +
Shunryu Suzuki (鈴木 俊隆 Suzuki Shunryū, dharma name Shōgaku Shunryū 祥岳俊隆) (May 18, 1904–December 4, 1971) was a Sōtō Zen roshi (priest) who popularized Zen Buddhism in the United States, particularly around San Francisco. Born in the Kanagawa Prefecture of Japan, Suzuki was occasionally mistaken for the Zen scholar D.T. Suzuki, to which Suzuki would reply, "No, he's the big Suzuki, I'm the little Suzuki."
In 1924 Shunryu enrolled in a Soto preparatory school in Tokyo not far from Shogan-ji, where he lived on the school grounds in the dorm. From 1925 to 1926 Suzuki did Zen training with Dojun Kato in Shizuoka at Kenko-in. He continued his schooling during this period. Here Shunryu became head monk for a 100 day retreat, after which he was no longer merely considered a novice. He had completed his training as a head monk.
In April 1926 Shunryu graduated from preparatory school and entered Komazawa Daigakurin, a university which also taught Soto Zen. During this period he continued his connections with So-on in Zoun-in, going back and forth whenever possible.
Some of his teachers here were discussing how Soto Zen might reach a bigger audience with students and, while Shunryu couldn't comprehend how Western cultures could ever understand Zen, he was intrigued.
On August 26, 1926, at age 22, So-on gave Dharma transmission to Suzuki. Shunryu's father also retired as abbot at Shogan-ji this same year, and moved the family onto the grounds of Zoun-in where he served as inkyo (retired abbot).
Later that year Suzuki spent a short time in the hospital with tuberculosis, but soon recovered. In 1927 an important chapter in Suzuki's life was turned. He went to visit a professor in English he had at Komazawa named Miss Nona Ransom, a woman who had taught English to such people as Jiro Kano and the children of Chinese president Li Yuanhong. She hired him that day to be a translator with others and to help with errands. Through this period he realized she was very ignorant of Japanese culture and the religion of Buddhism. She respected it very little and saw it as idol worship. But one day, when there were no chores to be done, the two had a conversation on Buddhism that changed her mind. She even let Suzuki teach her zazen meditation. This experience is significant in that Suzuki realized that Western ignorance of Buddhism could be transformed if they were educated on exactly what it is.
On January 22, 1929, So-on retired as abbot of Zoun-in and installed Shunryu as its 28th abbot. Sogaku would run the temple for Shunryu. In January 1930 a ceremony called ten'e was held at Zoun-in for Shunryu acknowledging So-on's Dharma transmission to him. A way for the Soto heads to grant him permission to teach as a priest. On April 10, 1930, at age 25, Suzuki graduated from Komazawa Daigakurin with a major in Zen and Buddhist philosophy, and a minor in English.
Suzuki mentioned to So-on during this period that he might be interested in going to America to teach Zen Buddhism. So-on was adamantly opposed to the idea. Suzuki realized that his teacher felt very close to him and that he would take such a departure as an insult. He did not mention it to him again. ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunryu_Suzuki Source Accessed Nov 18 2019])
Takayasu Suzuki is member of the Faculty of International Culture at Yamaguchi Prefectural University in Japan. His areas of specialization include Chinese philosophy, Indian philosophy and Buddhist Studies. His areas of interest include the history of thought on Nyorai's Externality and Internality; the relationship and empathy between self and others (others/world); and modern and independent understandings of Buddhism. ([https://www.yamaguchi-pu.ac.jp/ic/ic/teachers-new/suzuki/?c=page&q=Takayasu Source Accessed June 22, 2020]) +
Paul L. Swanson is a Permanent Research Fellow at the Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, and Professor in the Faculty of Arts & Letters of Nanzan University, in Nagoya, Japan. He is editor of the ''Japanese Journal of Religious Studies'' and has published on Tiantai/Tendai Buddhism and other aspects of East Asian Buddhism and religion. ([https://www.society-buddhist-christian-studies.org/paul-swanson Source Accessed June 13, 2019])
[https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/en/files/2012/11/Swanson-CV-ALL-2012.pdf Click here for full CV and Publications list] +
Michael Sweet received a PhD in Buddhist Studies in 1977 from the University of Wisconsin–Madison under the direction of Geshe Lhundub Sopa. From 1977–78 he taught and did research at the American Institute of Buddhist Studies. After later graduate studies, he was a psychotherapist in public and private practice (1980–2004) and a sometime lecturer at UW Madison, where he has been an assistant clinical professor in the Department of Psychiatry. He has written extensively on the history of sexuality in South Asia and on Buddhist Studies. Since 2001 his research has focused on Ippolito Desideri and the Catholic missions in Tibet. Current research focuses on the first mission to Tibet, led by the Portuguese Jesuit Antonio de Andrade. ([https://wisdomexperience.org/content-author/michael-j-sweet/ Source Accessed May 12, 2020]) +
Nguyen Dac Sy received his PhD from the Department of Buddhist Studies at the University of Delhi in 2012. His doctoral research on buddha-nature and the ''Laṅkāvatārasūtra'' was supervised Dr. Ram Kumar Rana and co-supervised by Dr. T. R. Sharma. +
Rahul Sāṅkṛityāyana is called the Father of Indian Travelogue Travel literature. He played a pivotal role in giving travelogue a "literature form" and was one of the most widely travelled scholars of India, spending forty-five years of his life on travels away from his home.
He traveled to many places and wrote many travelogues, approximately in the same ratio. He is also famously known for his authentic description about his travel experiences. For instance, in his travelogue "Meri Laddakh Yatra," he presents overall regional, historical, and cultural specificity of that region judiciously. He became a Buddhist monk (Bauddha Bhikkhu) and eventually took up Marxist Socialism. Sāṅkṛityāyana was also an Indian nationalist, having been arrested and jailed for three years for creating anti-British writings and speeches. He is referred to as the "Greatest Scholar" (Mahapandit) for his scholarship. He was both a polymath as well as a polyglot. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the Padma Bhushan in 1963. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan Source Accessed Jan 13, 2020]) +
Taehyǒn. [alt. T ’aehyǒn] (C. Daxian/Taixian; J. Daiken/Taigen XS/XS) (d.u.; fl. c. mid-eighth Century). In Korean, "Great/Grand Sagacity"; Silla-dynasty monk during the reign of king Kyǒngdǒk (r. 742-765) and reputed founder of the Yuga (Yogācāra) tradition in Korea; also known as Ch’ǒnggu Samun ("Green Hill [viz., Korea] śramaṇa" ) and often referred to as Yuga cho, "Patriarch of Yogācāra," due to his mastery of that school's complex doctrine. As one of the three most productive scholars of the Silla Buddhist tradition, Taehyǒn is matched in his output only by Wǒnhyo (617-686) and Kyǒnghǔng (fl. c. eighth century). Although renowned for his mastery of Yogācāra doctrine, his fifty-two works, in over one hundred rolls, cover a broad range of Buddhist doctrinal material, including Yogācāra, Madhyamaka, Hwaǒm (C. Huayan zong), and bodhisattva-precept texts. It is presumed that Taehyǒn was a disciple of Wǒnch’cūk's (613-696) student Tojǔng (d.u.), and that his scholastic positions were therefore close to those of the Ximing school, a lineage of Faxiang zong thought that derived from Wǒnch’ūk; their connection remains, however, a matter of debate. Taehyǒn’s ''Sǒng yusik non hakki'' ("Study Notes to the Cheng weishi lun [*''Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi-śāstra'']") (six rolls), the only complete Korean commentary on the ''Cheng weishi lun'' that is still extant, is particularly important because of its copious citation of the works of contemporary Yogācāra exegetes, such as Kuiji (632-682) and Wǒnch’ǔk. Taehyǒn appears to have been influenced by the preeminent Silla scholiast Wǒnhyo, since Taehyǒn accepts in his ''Taesǔng kisin non naeǔi yak tamgi'' ("Brief Investigation of the Inner Meaning of the Dasheng qixin lun") Wǒnhyo's ecumenical (Hwajaeng) perspective on the "Awakening of Faith According to the Mahāyāna." Although Taehyǒn never traveled abroad, his works circulated throughout East Asia and were commented upon by both Chinese and Japanese exegetes. His ''Pǒmmang kyǒng kojǒkki'' ("Record of Old Traces of the Fanwang jing" ), for example, was widely consulted in Japan and more than twenty commentaries on Taehyǒn’s text were composed by Japanese monks, including Eison (1201-1290) and Gyōnen (1240-1321). Unfortunately, only five of Taehyǒn's works are extant; in addition to the above three texts, these are his ''Yaksa ponwǒn kyǒng kojǒkki'' ("Record of Old Traces of the Bhaiṣajyagurusūtra" ) and ''Pǒmmang kyǒng posalgyebon chongyo'' ("Doctrinal Essentials of the Bodhisattva's Code of Morality from the ‘Sūtra of Brahmā's Net'"). (Source: "Taehyǒn." In ''The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism'', 886–87. Princeton University Press, 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46n41q.27.)
Tai Situ Rinpoche, the Twelfth Tai Situpa, Pema Donyö Nyinché (Tib. པདྨ་དོན་ཡོད་ཉིན་བྱེད་, Wyl. pad+ma don yod nyin byed) was born in 1954, in Dergé, Eastern Tibet, and recognized as the reincarnation of the previous Tai Situpa, Pema Wangchok Gyalpo, by the Sixteenth Karmapa. At the age of eighteen months he was brought to his monastic seat, Palpung Monastery, and enthroned there by the Karmapa according to tradition.
Due to the changing political situation in Eastern Tibet, he was taken to Tsurphu Monastery in Central Tibet, at the age of five. It was there that he performed his first Red Crown Ceremony, assisted by Ninth Sangyé Nyenpa Rinpoche. He stayed in Tsurphu Monastery for one year and then left Tibet with his attendants for Bhutan. Later, he went to Sikkim, to Rumtek Monastery, where he remained under the care of the Sixteenth Karmapa and received his formal religious training. He also received important transmissions from many great masters, notably Kalu Rinpoche, the Ninth Sangye Nyenpa Rinpoche, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche, Saljay Rinpoche, Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche, the late Drikung Khenpo Konchok, and the late Khenpo Khedup.
At the age of twenty-two, Situ Rinpoche assumed responsibility for founding his own new monastic seat, Sherab Ling Monastery, close to the Tibetan community of Bir, in Northern India. In 1980 he made his first tour to Europe, and has since traveled widely in North America, Europe and South-East Asia.
In 1992, Tai Situ Rinpoche recognized the Seventeenth Gyalwa Karmapa, Ogyen Trinley Dorje, and enthroned him at Tsurphu Monastery in Tibet. He has become Orgyen Trinlé Dorje's main teacher in the Mahamudra lineage. ([https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Tai_Situ_Rinpoche Source Accessed April 12, 2020]) +
