Property:Gloss-def
From Buddha-Nature
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This school—also known as Yogācāra because of its emphasis on meditation practice—propounded the view that all phenomena are merely manifestations of the mind, which alone is ultimately real. The school grew out of the teachings of Asaṅga and Vasubandhu in the fourth century, and Candragomin was a principal exponent in the seventh century. While Buddhism was often polarized between the views of Cittamātra and Madhyamaka during this period, a kind of synthesis had taken place by the eighth century in the teachings of Śāntarakṣita and his student Kamalaśīla, who were both instrumental in transmitting Buddhism to Tibet +
A stake with three sharp edges for destroying the three principal poisons. Associated particularly with Vajrakīla, kīlas were used in ancient Indian rituals as pegs in the ground around a ritual site +
Originally only vaguely described as a "pleasant" paradise, it became in early Buddhist cosmology a specific paradise high above Mount Meru. In the development of the Maitreya my th, it became his residence while he waits for the time of his descent into this world as the next Buddha +
A "body" of a buddha that manifests his or her enlightened qualities. Earlier Buddhist texts speak only of two kāyas, a form body (rüpakāya) and a formless dharmakāya, or "truth body." Later, the form body was divided into two to produce the well-known classification the three kāyas of a buddha: sambhogakāya, nirmānakāya, and dharmakāya. One also finds additional divisions to produce lists of four or five kāyas +
This realm includes all existences from the lowest hell to Māras paradise, One can only be reborn in higher realms through the power of meditation +
"The way of the disciples," a term that is often used as a synonym for the Hīnayāna in contrast with the Bodhisattva Vehicle of the Mahayana +
A mythical mountain of fire believed to exist within the southern ocean. +
The longest unit of distance in classical India. The lack of a uniform standard for the smaller units means that there is no precise equivalent, especially as its theoretical length tended to increase over time. Therefore it can be between four and ten miles. +
Literally ālaya means a dwelling or abode, as in Himālaya, the "abode of snows." It is translated into Tibetan as kun gzhi, which means "basis of everything." However, it primarily relates to the separate mind or continuum of an individual and not a shared universal foundation. The concept existed in early Buddhism as an explanation of why an individual does not cease to exist when consciousness stops and was termed bhavanga in the Theravāda tradition. The ālaya later became an explanation, particularly in the Cittamātra tradition, for where karmic seeds are stored and was considered the source of an individual's mentally produced experiences. It is usually synonymous with the ālaya consciousness, which is the neutral basis for samsara and which ceases upon liberation +
The enemies of the devas, they are prominent in Indian literature and mythology, in which context they are often translated as "demons" In Tibet asuras are of little cultural importance, only appearing in the classification of the six classes of beings. When the classes of beings are enumerated as five, they are omitted +
The southern continent of the four continents of Buddhist cosmology that surround Mount Meru. The "land of the rose-apple tree" originally designated India alone, but later, in the Indocentric Buddhist cosmology that developed, it came to mean our world +
An Apabhramśa word meaning "couplet," specifically rhyming couplets with a set meter, a form much favored by tantric authors such as Saraha in around the end of the first millennium. drop (thig le). See bindu; tilaka +
This is the "third turning of the Dharma wheel" and includes such sutras as those that emphasize that all phenomena are manifestations of the mind and that all beings possess a buddha nature. These sutras, though numerous and varied, tend to be represented by Asaṅga—who revealed some of these sutras from visions of bodhisattva Maitreya—and by the Yogacāra tradition +
Literally, "wheel of time," Kālacakra is the latest and the most complex of the Buddhist tantras. It appeared in India sometime around the tenth century. Sometimes, instead of being classed with Cakrasamvara and Hevajra as a yoginī or mother tantra, it is given a class of its own: nondual tantra. It is comprehensive in including the other higher tantra deities, and covering also such mundane matters as astrology and military tactics +
Concern with various kinds of pleasure and displeasure, specifically gain and loss, pleasure and pain, praise and blame, fame and obscurity +
Synonymous with samādhi and śamatha, it means "placed" and "fixed" and is etymologically a form of the dhi in samādhi. The closest translation would be "concentration," for it means the mind fixed upon a point without deviation, but in a less technical context could simply be called meditation, as in the perfection of meditation (dhyānapāramitā). In Buddhas time the attainment of various levels of dhyāna was the goal of many of his contemporaries and was a path that he tried. The night before his enlightenment at dawn, he is said to have gone through these levels of dhyāna and then beyond them +
Sometimes rendered as "coemergent" or "connate" union, innate union means to become united with the natural state that is innate in the mind, or connate with everything that arises within it +
This well-known Indian title originally referred to someone who had received a revelation from the deities of a divine scripture. The term later became one of general respect to a religious master, including the Buddha. The Tibetan translation is "straight," meaning an unwavering mind +
The "Great Way" or the "Great Vehicle," a term that is first propagated by the Lotus Sutra to demonstrate the superiority of itself but later used retrospectively on various earlier sutras. Ihe Sanskrit word predominantly means "way," but the Tibetan translation has favored the meaning "vehicle." In India, the Mahayana was not a discrete school of Buddhism but was comprised of a wide variety of teachings that appeared within the existing traditions. The Mahayana is characterized primarily by altruistic aspiration and vast activities of its bodhisattva ideal, but it came to be associated particularly with the Cittamātra and Madhyamaka philosophical schools +
A classes of nonhuman beings usually portrayed as having animal heads, such as of a horse, and being master musicians +
