the Bon practice of offering the skin of another living being to disease-causing demons to effect a cure; the skin is the substitute or ransom for the man. +
a tantric system based on Prajñāpāramitā and introduced to Tibet by Dam-pa sangs-rgyas in which all attachment to one's self is relinquished. Ma-gcig Slab-sgron, an incarnation of Ye-shes mTsho-rgyal, was a central figure in the propagation of this teaching. +
a vast collection of rNying-ma Tantras that have had a continuous transmission. Three sections, mDo, sGyu, and Sems, form the theoretical and philosophical basis of the inner Tantras. The bKa'-ma was transmitted especially through Padmasambhava, Srī Sirhha, Vimalamitra, and Vairotsana. gNyags Jñānakumāra, gNubs-chen Sangs-rgyas ye-shes, and the Three Zur continued the line of transmission. In the fourteenth century, Klong-chen-pa greatly contributed to the bKa'-ma tradition, systematizing and transmitting the Ātiyoga teachings; gTer-bdag gling-pa, the great gter-ston, also held the entire bKa'-ma tradition, and together with his brother Lo-chen Dharmaśrī, revived and promulgated these teachings during the seventeenth century. +
five aspects of the complete path to enlightenment, following one another in succession: preparation or accumulation; application; vision or seeing; cultivation; no more learning. +
of the four joys is associated with one of the four cakras: Awakened Joy (forehead cakra); Joy of Limitless Good Qualities (throat cakra); Supreme Joy of the Mahāmudrā (heart cakra); and Spontaneous Transcendent Awakened Joy (navel cakra). +
powerful long-lived serpent-like beings who inhabit bodies of water and often guard great treasure. Nanda was one of their great kings. He helped protect the Buddha from the elements when the Buddha was seated at Bodh Gayā, and gave Nāgārjuna various treatises from the nāga treasure. +
the community of those practicing the teachings of the Buddha, united by their vision and their commitment to the path. In order to lay the foundation for Dharma practice, various forms of discipline are undertaken. Eight traditional kinds of Sangha exist: bhikṣu and bhikṣuṇī: fully ordained monks and nuns; śramaṇara and sramaṇĩ: novices who have taken preliminary vows; śikṣamaṇa: aspirants too young to join the community but who follow special rules; upavasta: laymen or laywomen who take monk's vows for a certain limited time; upāsaka and upāsikā: laymen and laywomen who practice Buddhist teachings and follow five precepts: not to kill, not to steal, not to lie, not to take intoxicating substances, not to engage in sexual misconduct. +