five aspects of the complete path to enlightenment, following one another in succession: preparation or accumulation; application; vision or seeing; cultivation; no more learning. +
of the four joys is associated with one of the four cakras: Awakened Joy (forehead cakra); Joy of Limitless Good Qualities (throat cakra); Supreme Joy of the Mahāmudrā (heart cakra); and Spontaneous Transcendent Awakened Joy (navel cakra). +
powerful long-lived serpent-like beings who inhabit bodies of water and often guard great treasure. Nanda was one of their great kings. He helped protect the Buddha from the elements when the Buddha was seated at Bodh Gayā, and gave Nāgārjuna various treatises from the nāga treasure. +
the community of those practicing the teachings of the Buddha, united by their vision and their commitment to the path. In order to lay the foundation for Dharma practice, various forms of discipline are undertaken. Eight traditional kinds of Sangha exist: bhikṣu and bhikṣuṇī: fully ordained monks and nuns; śramaṇara and sramaṇĩ: novices who have taken preliminary vows; śikṣamaṇa: aspirants too young to join the community but who follow special rules; upavasta: laymen or laywomen who take monk's vows for a certain limited time; upāsaka and upāsikā: laymen and laywomen who practice Buddhist teachings and follow five precepts: not to kill, not to steal, not to lie, not to take intoxicating substances, not to engage in sexual misconduct. +
a small white round bone-like substance which appears in the hearts of the great practitioners, and is often discovered in the ashes of the great tantric lamas after they have been cremated. +
lit. 'concentric circle'; a maṇḍala is a symbolic, graphic representation of a tantric deity's realm of existence, as well as the arrangement of offerings in tantric ritual. +
the eight Heruka Sādhanas are part of the meditative realization transmission which preserves essential instructions for practice. Each of these sādhanas is connected with a particular root text and with various specific practices containing everything necessary for enlightenment. They were transmit- ted from Padmasambhava to eight of his disciples who were known as the Eight Great Ācāryas. The Eight Heruka Sādhanas are: 'Jam-dpal-sku (gshin-rje); Padma-gsung; Yang-dag-thugs; rDo-rje phur-ba 'phrin-las; bDud-rtsi yon-tan; Ma-mo rbod-stong; 'Jig-rten mchos-bstod; and dMod-pa drag-sngags. +
lit. 'awakened'; the Enlightened One; a perfected Bodhisattva, after attaining complete, perfect enlightenment in a human form, is known as a Buddha. The Buddha generally referred to is Sākyamuni Buddha, the Buddha of this era, who lived in India around the 6th century B.C. But there have also been perfected Bodhisattvas in ages past who have manifested the way to enlightenment. In the current fortunate era, there will be one thousand Buddhas, Sākyamuni Buddha being the fourth. In some eras, no Buddhas appear at all. +