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(1) An incantation or long mantra. (2.) A bodhisattva’s power of retention, often paired with eloquence, enabling them to teach the Dharma. +
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A false belief, particularly a view that will lead one to courses of action that bring more suffering. It includes views that deny the law of karma and the view of the transitory composite. +
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The Buddha’s doctrine; the teachings transmitted in the scriptures and the qualities of realization attained through their practice. Note that the Sanskrit word ''dharma'' has ten principal meanings, including “anyhing that can be known.” Vasubandhu defines the Dharma, in its Buddhist sense, as the “protective dharma” (''chos skyobs''): “It corrects (''’chos'') everyone of the enemies, the defilements; and it protects (''skyobs'') us from the lower realms; these two characteristics are absent from other spiritual traditions. +
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lit. “all-concealing truth.” The apparent truth perceived and taken as real by the deluded mind, which conceals their true nature. See also ultimate truth. +
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Śākyamuni, the Buddha of our era. +
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lit. “one who feeds on smells.” A kind of spirit that feeds on scents. Gandharvas are also classed as inhabitants of the lowest gods’ realms, where they are renowned for their musical skills. The name is used as well for beings in the intermediate state: since they inhabit a mental body, they feed not on solid food but on odors. +
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lit. “that cannot be mentioned” or “cannot be praised.” This term covers every kind of action that results in suffering and not only the most serious kinds of wrong doing. Shameful deeds are divided into those that are naturally negative and those that are negative in that they involve breaches of vows. +
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See bodhisattva levels. +
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The means for traveling the path to enlightenment. +
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In Buddhist philosophy, the term “self” is used to denote the mistaken notion of a permanent, single, and independent entity, whether applied to a personal sense of “I” or a divine creator. +
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Also called vast aspect. That aspect of the teachings and practice, based on the Buddha’s third turning of the wheel of the Dharma and the teachings of Asaṅga and his followers, that stress the buddha nature (tathāgatagarbha) and the extensive activities, levels, and so on of the bodhisattvas. +
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The no-self of the individual (Tib. ''gang zag gi bdag med'') and the no-self of phenomena (Tib. ''chos kyi bdag med''). See also no-self. +
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lit. “Gentle and Glorious.” The bodhisattva who embodies the buddhas’ knowledge and wisdom. +
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Also called remedy or remedial method. Any means used for eliminating defilements and other factors that hinder the attainment of happiness and enlightenment. +
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The four cardinal points, the four intermediate directions, and the zenith and nadir. +
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See Secret Mantrayāna. +
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A term generally used to denote non-Buddhist proponents of nihilistic and eternalistic philosophical views. The Tibetan term refers to the fact that they are said to stay on the steps (''stegs'') leading down to the edge ('''mu'') of the river, that is, the path flowing into the ocean of nirvāṇa. +
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The four results of the Listeners’ Vehicle—namely, stream enterer, once-returner, nonreturner, and arhat, for each of which there are two kinds: those who have entered their respective level (“candidates,” Tib. ''zhugs pa'') and those who are firmly establishedon it (“graduates,” Tib.''bras la gnas pa''),hence the alternative Tibetan term ''zhugs gnas brgyad''. +
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Collectively, the object of refuge of all Buddhists. The Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha. +
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“He who is honored with a hundred gifts.” The ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three in the realms ofthe gods. +
