chos kyi sku;ཆོས་ཀྱི་སྐུ་;dharmakāya;According to the Madhyamaka scholars who assert that there are three kāyas in the Prajnāpāramitāyāna, it refers to non-differentiation of complete cessation and omniscient realization of complete Buddha and it is a synonym of svabhāvakāya. +
‘byung ba bzhi;འབྱུང་བ་བཞི་;four elements;four elements;mahābhūtāni;These are earth, water, fire and air. They are all the nature of the fifth outer entity (touch). +
sems tsam;སེམས་ཙམ་;Cittamātra;This is one of the four main Indian Buddhist schools, being the highest ofthe three “realist” schools. It is also known as the 'Mind Only’ school, because although its adherents recognize the nonexistence of external phenomena, it claims that all phenomena are of the nature of truly existent mind. +
zhen yul;ཞེན་ཡུལ་;conceived object;conceived object;adhyavasāya;The direct object ofthe conceptual subjective mind, one ofthe four “objects” explained in logic texts. +
shing rta’i srol ‘byed;ཤིང་རྟའི་སྲོལ་འབྱེད་;Great Charioteers;great charioteers;This term refers to two great Indian masters, Nāgārjuna and Asaṅga, who independently clarified the meaning of the Mahāyāna sūtras. +
rtag pa’i lta ba;རྟག་པའི་ལྟ་བ་;eternalism;eternalism;śāśvata darśana;The view of inherent existence of the ‘perfect’ (one of the three characteristics), eternal self, Īśvara, elements, etc. or the object of conceptual thought’s mode of apprehending, which conceives phenomena as permanent and unchanging (for example conceiving yesterday’s mind as no different from today’s mind). +
las kyi thob pa;ལས་ཀྱི་ཐོབ་པ་;acquisition of the deed;acquisition of the deed;This is one of the nonassociated compositional factors accepted as inherent functional entity by the Vaibhāṣika school +
bag nyal;བག་ཉལ་;dormant latencies;dormant latencies;anuśaya;These are the traces or residues of afflictions left behind in the mind stream. They belong to the cognitive obscurations and are removed on the path of cultivation. +
sa;ས་;Ground or stage;ground or stage;bhūmi;According to the Mahāyāna system, there are ten graduated ārya bodhisattva stages or '''bhūmis''', each corresponding to the attainment of one of the ten perfections, by which advanced trainees progress on the path to enlightenment. They are known as (1) Supreme Joy;(2) Stainless;(3) Luminous;(4) Radiant;(5) Difficult to Train in, (6) Directly Approaching all the Qualities of the Buddha, (7) Gone Far, (8) Immoveable;(9) Good Intelligence;and (10) Cloud of Discourses. +
mdo sde pa;མདོ་སྡེ་པ་;Sautrāntika;The higher of the two lower (Hinayāna) schools, whose name derives from the fact that its adherents follow the Hināyana sutras. +
four Indian Buddhist schools;four indian buddhist schools;These are Vaibhāṣika, Sautrāntika, Cittamātra and Madhyamaka. They are differentiated largely by their differing definitions of the two realities. Vaibhāṣika asserts that the indivisible atom and the smallest fraction oftime are ultimate reality;Sautrāntika asserts that ‘functioning thing’ is ultimate reality and Cittamātra asserts that among functioning things, only mind exists absolutely. On the other hand, although the Mādhayamika school accepts phenomena at the relative level, it does not accept any existence whatsoever at the ultimate level. +
chos can;ཆོས་ཅན་;dharmin;In the context of philosophical debate, the dharmin is the basis of the argument or refutation. For example, in the establishing statement: “Vase is impermanent because it is compounded,” the dharmin or basis of argument is “vase.” +