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This important term, also translated in its adverbial form as “from one instant to the next,” does not, in the context of discussions on impermanence and emptiness, mean simply “short-lived” or “lasting only a moment.” It is used in this text to denote the fact that the existence of all phenomena is made up of a succession of moments or instants that cease as soon as they arise. This succession of instants makes it possible for things to change from one moment to the next. Depending on the degree to which these changes are perceptible, things appear to last for smaller or greater lengths of time, and even to give the illusion of being permanent. +
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Also called sense bases, sources of perception, and so on. The twelve āyatanas comprise the six sense organs and the six sense objects. Together, they give rise to the six sense consciousnesses. +
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lit. “Dharma body.” Also called absolute dimension. The emptiness aspect of buddhahood. +
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A class of beings whose jealous nature spoils their enjoyment of their fortunate rebirth in the higher realms and involves them in constant conflict with the gods in the god realms. +
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The hells, the realm of hungry spirits, and the animal realm. +
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The opposite of supramundane, anything that does not transcend saṃsāra. Translations of this term as “ordinary” or “worldly” can be misleading since meditators who have mastered the four dhyānas (but without being liberated from saṃsāra), and who have immense powers of concentration, magical powers, and so forth, cannot really be called “ordinary,” nor are they worldly in the sense of being materialistically minded and interested only in the present world. +
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Habitual patterns of thought, speech, or action created by one’s attitudes and deeds in past lives. +
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An epithet for a bodhisattva, also translated as “child of the Buddha.” +
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The first of the two accumulations. “Merit” is also sometimes used loosely to translate the Tibetan terms ''dge ba'' (virtue, positive action) and ''dge rtsa'' (sources of good for the future). +
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A state of concentration, especially one of the four states of concentration associated with the world of form. +
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The Vinaya Collection, Sūtra Collection, and Abhidharma Collection. See also collection. +
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The collective terms for the sense objects, sense faculties, and sense consciousnesses (form, the eye, and the eye consciousness, for example). Since there are six sense organs (including the mind), there are eighteen sense spheres in all. +
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A person practicing a spiritual path. +
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One of the principal schools of the Great Vehicle, based on the teachings of the third turning of the wheel of the Dharma and propagated by Asaṅga, Vasubandhu, and their followers. Its philosophical tenets included the doctrine of mind-only (cittamātra), the eight consciousnesses, the ground of all as the storehouse of karmic tendencies, and the three natures or realities. +
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This term is applied to followers of the Lesser Vehicle who attain liberation (the cessation of suffering) on their own, without the help of a spiritual teacher. Although some solitary realizers with sharp intellects remain alone “like rhinoceroses,” others with dull minds need to stay in large groups, “like flocks of parrots.” Solitary realizers’ practice consists, in particular, of meditation on the twelve links of dependent arising. +
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The twelve types of teaching given by the Buddha, corresponding to twelve kinds of text: condensed (Tib. ''mdo sde'', Skt. sūtra), melodious (''dbyangs bsnyan, geya''), prophetic (''lung bstan, vyākaraṇa''), verse (''tshigs bcad, gāthā''), spoken with a purpose (''ched brjod, udāna''), contextual (''gleng gzhi, nidāna''—questions, talks, etc.), concerning his past lives (''skyes rab, jātaka''), marvelous (''rmad byung, adbhuta-dharma''), establishing a truth (''gtan babs, upadeśa''), biographical or “expressing realization” (''rtogs brjod, avadāna''), historical (''de ltar byung, itivṛittaka''), and very detailed (''shin tu rgyas pa, vaipulya''). +
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The last of the five paths, the culmination of the path to perfect enlightenment—buddhahood. +
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The accumulation of merit (Tib. ''bsod nams'') and the accumulation of wisdom (Tib. ''ye shes''). +
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A serpent-like being (classed in the animal realm) living in the water or under the earth and endowed with magical powers and wealth. The most powerful ones have several heads. In Indian mythology they are preyed on by the garudas. +
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Obscurations related to defilements, or defilement-related obscurations (''nyon sgrib''), and those that obscure knowledge, or cognitive obscurations (''shes sgrib''). +
