Property:Gloss-term
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pha rol tu phyin pa bcu;ten transcendent perfections;ten transcendent perfections;dāśapāramitā;Transcendent generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, concentration, and wisdom, together with transcendent means, aspirational prayer, strength, and gnosis. Each of these ten is practiced predominantly on one of the ten bodhisattva levels—generosity on the first level, discipline on the second, and so forth. They are termed “transcendent” because their practice involves realization ofthe view of emptiness. +
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mkha’ lding;garuḍa;A mythological bird, master of the skies. It traditionally preys on the nāgas. +
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chos mchog;supreme mundane level;supreme mundane level;The highest possible state of worldly realization, the fourth stage of the path of joining that immediately precedes the direct realization of emptiness on the path of seeing. +
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mos spyod kyi lam;path of earnest aspiration;path of earnest aspiration;A collective term for the paths of accumulating and joining. The level of earnest aspiration is a sort of prelevel before one reaches the first of the ten bodhisattva levels. Practitioners on the paths of accumulating and joining have not yet realized emptiness and cannot therefore practice the six transcendent perfections in a truly transcendental way. Their practice is more a question of willingness than of the genuine practice of amature bodhisattva. +
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dbang phyug;Iśvara;lit. “Mighty Lord.” A general Indian name for a creator god. +
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dul ba;Vinaya;lit. “taming.” The section of the Buddha’s teaching that deals with discipline, and in particular with the vows of monastic ordination. +
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tshogs lam;path of accumulation;path of accumulation;The first of the five paths, according to the Great Vehicle. On this path, one accumulates the causes that will make it possible to proceed toward enlightenment. +
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thar pa;liberation;liberation;Freedom from saṃsāra, either as an arhat or as a buddha. +
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pag tshad;yojana;An ancient Indian measurement. Different sources describe it as between one and several miles. +
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mya ngan ’das;parinirvāṇa;The point at which an enlightened being leaves their earthly body. +
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lha;gods;gods;deva;Also called celestial beings. A class of beings who, as a result of accumulating positive actions in previous lives, experience immense happiness and comfort and are therefore considered by non-Buddhists as the idealstate to which they should aspire. According to the Buddhist teachings, however, they have not attained freedom from cyclic existence. Those in the world of form and world of formlessness experience an extended form of the meditation they practiced (without the aim of achieving liberation from cyclic existence) in their previous life. Gods like Indra and others of the six classes of gods of the world of desire possess, as a result of their merit, a certain power to affect the lives of other beings and they are therefore worshipped, for example by Hindus. The same Tibetan and Sanskrit term is also used to refer to enlightened beings, in which case it is more usually translated as “deity.” +
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mdo;sūtra;A scripture containing teachings given by the Buddha or by one of his disciples inspired by the Buddha. +
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sku;buddha body;buddha body;kāya;An aspect or dimension of buddhahood. Generally four in number: the body of truth, body of perfect enjoyment, body of manifestation, and the body of the essential nature. +
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zhi ba;peace;peace;A synonym for the arhat’s nirvāṇa, the peace of cessation. +
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Bodhisattvayāna;The vehicle of the Bodhisattvas within the Sūtrayāna (q.v.) or the Sūtrayāna part of the Mahāyāna. +
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Clear,or penetrating,insight;clear,or penetrating,insight;vipashyanā;Meditation that reveals the absence of inherent existence in both the mind and phenomena. +
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Vajrayāna;''See'' Mantrayāna. +
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Five aggregates;five aggregates;skandhas;The five psychophysical constituents that characterize sentient beings: form, feeling, appraisal, impulse, and consciousness. +
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Kalpa;kalpa;An immense period of time as conceived in the traditional cosmology of India. A great kalpa, which corresponds to the period of formation, duration, disappearance, and absence of a universal system, comprises eighty small kal-pas. An intermediary kalpa consists of two small kalpas taken together, in the first of which the duration of life increases, while in the second it decreases. +
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Six realms;six realms;The experience of beings in saṃsāra is traditionally schematized into six general categories, referred to as realms or worlds, in which the mind abides as the result of previous actions, or karma. None of these states is satisfactory, though the degree of suffering in them differs from one to another. The three higher, or fortunate, realms, where suffering is alleviated by temporary pleasures, are the heavens of the celestial beings, or devas;the realms of the Āsuras, or demigods;and the world of human beings. The three lower realms, in which suffering predominates over every other experience, are those of the animals, the hungry ghosts, and the hells. +
