According to [[Daṇḍin]]'s ''Mirror of Poetics'', Ch. 2, and Gupta, ''A Critical Study of Daṇḍin and his Works'', these are: natural description (''svabhāvokti''), simile (''upamā''), metaphor (''rūpaka''), poetic association (''dīpaka''), repetition (''āvṛtti''), denial (''ākṣepa''), corroboration (''arthāntaranyāsa''), contrast (''vyatireka''), peculiar causation (''vibhāvanā''), concise suggestion (''samāsokti''), hyperbole (''atiśayokti''), poetic fancy (''utprekṣā''), cause (''hetu''), misrepresentation (''leśa''), subtlety (''sūkṣma''), relative order (''yathāsaṃkhya''), flattery (''preyas''), demeanour (''rasavat''), coincidence (''samāhita''), vigoui (''ūrjasvi''), periphrastic speech (''paryāyokta''), exaltation (''udātta''), obfuscation (''apahnuti''), double entendre (''śliṣṭa''), statement of difference (''viśeṣokti''), equal pairing (''tulyayogitā''), incongruity (''virodha''), artful praise (''vyā-jastuti''), damning with faint praise (''aprastutapraśaṃsā''), co-mention (''sahokti''), illustrative simile (''nidarśana''), benediction (''āśis''),barter (''parivṛtti''), description of the past or future as if it were the present (''bhāvika'') and a conjunction of poetic figures (''saṃkirṇa''). 105
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