Prajñāpāramitā and the Buddhahood of the Non-Sentient World: The San-Lun Assimilation of Buddha-Nature and Middle Path Doctrine

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|ArticleTitle=Prajñāpāramitā and the Buddhahood of the Non-Sentient World: The San-Lun Assimilation of Buddha-Nature and Middle Path Doctrine
|TileDescription=Prior to the Sui-T'ang period, the concept of Buddha-nature, the fundamental or universal nature of enlightenment in sentient beings, was already a topic of central importance to Chinese Buddhists.
|AuthorPage=People/Koseki, A.
|PubDate=1980
|ArticleSummary=Prior to the Sui-T'ang period, the concept of Buddha-nature,<ref>''Buddha-dhātu'' or ''Buddha-gotra''. Here we follow Takasaki Jikidō, ''Nyoraizō Shisō no Kenkyū'' (Tokyo: Shunjusha, 1974), p. 11. See, also, his article, "Nyoraizo-Busshō shiso," ''Koza Bukkyō Shisō'', vol. 3 (Tokyo: Rishosha. 1975), pp. 101-133. Further, see
Ogawa Ichijō, ''Nyoraizō-Busshō no Kenkyū'' (Kyoto: Buneidō, 1974), pp. 62-66.</ref> the fundamental or universal nature of enlightenment in sentient beings, was already a topic of central importance to Chinese Buddhists. In 418, when Fa-hsien translated the ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'' in six fascicles (''Ta-pan niyüan ching''), the debate centering on Buddha-nature, as is well known, concerned Tao-sheng's (?-434) view of the ''icchantika'', a spiritual outcast forever excluded from enlightenment. Tao-sheng's thesis that all sentient beings, including the ''icchantika'', possessed the potentiality for Buddhahood was substantiated when the so-called "Northern edition" of the ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'' was translated in 421 by Dharmakṣema (385-433).<ref>Several works in Japanese deal with this early period of ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'' study. See, for instance, Fuse Kōgaku, ''Nehandhū no Kenkyū'', vol. 2 (Tokyo: Kokusho Kankōkai, 1973), pp. 12-44. See, also, Tokiwa Daijō, ''Busshō no Kenkyū'' (Tokyo: Kokusho Kankōkai, 1972), pp. 178-180.</ref> While the ''icchantika'' issue would again surface during the T'ang with the popularity of the Fa-hsiang school and its ''triyāna'' doctrine, by the Sui period (589-612) the ''ekayāna'' theme was well established. In the intervening years of the Liang and Ch'en dynasties, Chinese Buddhists in the south had moved on to other aspects of the Buddha-nature theory and were primarily concerned with the composition of exegetical commentaries which speculated on the specific meanings of universal enlightenment. That a variety of commentaries and Buddha-nature theories existed during this period can be seen if one examines the Liang compilation of the ''Collection of Nirvāṇa-sūtra Commentaries'' (''Tapan nieh-p'an'' ''ching chi-chüeh'').<ref>A discussion of the ''Collection'' and its compiler (attributed to Pao-liang) can be found in Fuse, ''Nehanshu no Kenkyū'', vol. 2, pp. 74-85. See, also, Ogawa Kōkan, ''Chūgoku Nyoraizō Shishō no Kenkyū'' (Tokyo: Nakayama Shobō, 1976), pp. 210-225.</ref>  The ''Collection'', however, represents the peak of ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'' study in the south, for following the end of the Liang and Ch'en periods, the study of this text was superseded by the rise of Prajñāpāramitā-based traditions like San-lun and T'ien-t'ai. Exegesis of the ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'' and debate on the meaning of Buddha-nature continued within these schools, and while an independent scholastic tradition centering on the sutra had long passed from the Buddhist horizon by Sui times, it was during this period that the discussion of universal enlightenment was taken to a new degree of explicitness.<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In the case of the San-lun tradition, the most intriguing discussion on this subject occurred in the writings of its systematizer, Chi-tsang (549-623).<ref>For an overview of Chi-tsang's theories, see Kamata Shigeo, ''Chūgoku Bukkyō Shisō-shi Kenkyū'' (Tokyo: Shunjūsha, 1968), pp. 31-46, and Hirai Shun'ei, ''Chūgoku Hannya Shishō-shi Kenkyū'' (Tokyo: Shunjūsha, 1976), pp. 617-637.</ref> In his Buddha-nature essay, contained in the ''Ta-ch'eng hsüan-lun'' (''A Compendium of Mahāyāna Doctrine''), Chi-tsang sought to integrate the Prajñāpāramitā doctrine of emptiness and the ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'' concept of Buddha-nature.<ref>''Taishō shinshu Daizōkyō'' (hereafter T), 45, 35b-42b.</ref> Assimilating two radically different aspects of Buddhist thought, Chi-tsang was the first individual in the history of East Asian Buddhism to argue that the inanimate world of grasses and trees also had the possibility of achieving Buddhahood. The most obvious peculiarity of this theory was the fact that, prior to Chi-tsang's time it was not a commonly accepted view of universal enlightenment. Indeed, it was a view totally rejected by earlier commentators of the ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'', who associated the potentiality for Buddhahood with anthropocentric concepts such as "mind," "luminous spirit," "''ālaya-vijñāna''," and "inherently pure mind." The textual basis for these earlier views was, of course, already established by the ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'', which extended the promise of Buddhahood to all sentient existence, that is, to those who possessed the faculty of "mind." Although there was no doctrinal precedent for Chi-tsang's assertion, in his examination of Buddhist texts he found several passages to substantiate his theory of a comprehensive Buddha-nature. As we shall see, Chi-tsang took a highly qualified step in expanding the notion of salvation to include all of the natural, phenomenal world. As a San-lun scholar, however, Chi-tsang was neither interested, in a Taoist sort of way, in elevating nature to a religious dimension, nor simply concerned with the ''Nirvāṇa-sūtra'''s anthropocentrically-limited promise of eventual enlightenment. Rather, Chi-tsang's most significant contribution to the discussion lay in his assertion that the Buddha-nature was a synonym for the middle path doctrine. The route by which he came to his expanded conception of Buddha-nature, then, was based on his primary view of ''prajñā'', and it is this that we wish to investigate in what follows. (Koseki, "Prajñāpāramitā and the Buddhahood of the Non-Sentient World," 16–17)
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