The Philosophy of Buddhism

{{Book
|BookPerson={{Book-person
|PersonPage=Frauwallner, E.
|PersonName=Erich Frauwallner
}}{{Book-person
|PersonPage=Sangpo, L.
|PersonName=Lodrö Sangpo
}}
|FullTextRead=No
|BookToc=*{{i|Introduction|1}}
*{{i|A. The teaching of the Buddha|5}}
**{{i|AA. The Buddha (ca. 560-480 B.C.E.)|5}}
**{{i|AB. The proclamation of the Buddha|5}}
***{{i|ABA. The sermon of Benares (Dharmacakrapravartanasūtra)|6}}
***{{i|ABB. The Buddhist path of liberation|8}}
****{{i|ABB.1. From the "Kandaraka Sutta" (Majjhima Nikāya 51)|8}}
**{{i|AC. Questions which the Buddha did not answer|10}}
***{{i|ACA. Ānanda [Saṃyutta Nikāya 44, 10]|10}}
***{{i|ACB. The Sūtra of Vatsagotra and the Fire (Aggivacchagottasuttanta)<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[Majjhimanikāya Sutta 72]|11}}
***{{i|ACC. The Sūtra of the Bearer of the Burden (Bhārahārasūtra)|15}}
**{{i|AD. The tenet of dependent origination|16}}
***{{i|ADA. The Account of Enlightenment (Bodhikathā; Mahāvagga I, 1)|17}}
***{{i|ADB. The Great Sūtra of the Foundations of Origination<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Mahānidānsuttanta; Dıghanikāya XV)|18}}
***{{i|ADC. The Sūtra of Dependent Origination (Pratītyasamutpādasūtra)|24}}
***{{i|ADD. From Vasubandhu’s "Commentary to the Sūtra of Dependent<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Origination" (Pratītyasamutpādavyākhyā)|26}}
***{{i|ADE. The Sūtra of the young Rice plant (Śālistambasūtra)|29}}
*{{i|B. The Dogmatics (Abhidharma) of the Hīnayāna|36}}
**{{i|BA. The rise of the Buddhist Schools|36}}
**{{i|BB. The principal philosophical doctrines of the Sarvāstivāda|37}}
***{{i|BBA. The principal philosophical thoughts|37}}
****{{i|BBA.1. The denial of a soul, of a self|37}}
*****{{i|BBA.1.1. From "The Questions of Menandros"(Milindapañhā)|39}}
*****{{i|BBA.1.2. Vasubandhu the Younger (ca. 400-480 C.E.)|46}}
******{{i|BBA.1.2.1. A soul does not exist (Abhidharmakośa III,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;v. 18-24)|47}}
******{{i|BBA.1.2.2. From "Refutation of the Person" <br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Pudgalapratiṣedhaprakaraṇa)|52}}
****{{i|BBA.2. General views associated with the doctrine of<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the denial of a soul|58}}
*****{{i|BBA.2.1. First general view: All entities lack a solid permanent<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;core|58}}
*****{{i|BBA.2.1.1. (A) Discussion of this first general view in the field<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of material elements|59}}
*****{{i|BBA.2.1.2. (B) Discussion of this first general view in the field<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of psychology|60}}
*****{{i|BBA.2.1.3. A substance does not exist (Abhidharmakośa III,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ad v. 100)|61}}
*****{{i|BBA.2.2. Second general view: The momentariness of all things|62}}
******{{i|BBA.2.2.1. The momentariness of entities (Abhidharmakośa<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;IV, v. 2-3)|64}}
***{{i|BBB. The fundamental concepts|67}}
****{{i|BBB.1. The Dogmatics of the Sarvāstivāda|67}}
*****{{i|BBB.1.1. From the "Treatise on the Five Aggregates"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Pañcaskandhaka)|68}}
****{{i|BBB.2. The Dogmatics of the Sautrāntika|73}}
*****{{i|BBB.2.1. The seemingly and the truly real (Abhidharmakośa VI,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;verse 4)|75}}
*****{{i|BBB.2.2. The nature of acquisition (Abhidharmakośa, II,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;verse 36)|76}}
***{{i|BBC. The doctrine of liberation of the Hīnayāna|78}}
****{{i|BBC.1. Suppression through knowledge (Abhidharmakośa, I,<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;verse 6)|81}}
****{{i|BBC.2. Nirvāṇa as non-existence (Abhidharmakośa II, verse 55)|82}}
****{{i|BBC.3. From "Establishment of the Truth" (Tattvasiddhi)|84}}
*{{i|C. The schools of the Mahāyāna|89}}
**{{i|CA. Main elements in the development of the Mahāyāna|89}}
***{{i|CAA. The new goal of liberation|89}}
***{{i|CAB. The philosophical doctrine of a highest being and of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unreality of the phenomenal world|89}}
***{{i|CAC. The new buddhology|90}}
**{{i|CB. The beginnings of the Mahāyāna|90}}
**{{i|CC. The oldest literary documentation of the Mahāyāna|91}}
***{{i|CCA. The Prajñāpāramitā literature and its philosophical doctrines|91}}
****{{i|CCA.1. Central philosophical thought: the concept of a highest<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;being|92}}
****{{i|CCA.2. The unreality of the phenomenal world and its relationship<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;to the highest being|93}}
****{{i|CCA.3. From the "Perfection of Insight in Eight Thousand Lines"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā)|94}}
***{{i|CCB. From the "Jewel Heap" (Ratnakūṭa)|102}}
**{{i|CD. The Madhyamaka school|106}}
***{{i|CDA. Nāgārjuna (ca. 200 C.E.)|106}}
****{{i|CDA.1. The works of Nāgārjuna|106}}
****{{i|CDA.2. The philosophical system of Nāgārjuna|106}}
*****{{i|CDA.2.1. The unreality of the external world|106}}
******{{i|CDA.2.1.1. The phenomenal world as dependent<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;origination|107}}
******{{i|CDA.2.1.2. The relativity of opposing terms and the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;middle way|107}}
******{{i|CDA.2.1.3. Nāgārjuna's concept of intrinsic nature<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(svabhāva) and the emptiness of the phenomenal<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world|108}}
******{{i|CDA.2.1.4. The highest and the restricted truth|109}}
******{{i|CDA.2.1.5. The nature of the phenomenal world is<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;diversity (prapañca)|109}}
*****{{i|CDA.2.2. The highest reality|109}}
******{{i|CDA.2.2.1. Distinction from the phenomenal world: free<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;from diversity, extinction, peace, etc.|109}}
******{{i|CDA.2.2.2. Identity in nature of the phenomenal world<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and nirvāṇa|109}}
*****{{i|CDA.2.3. Doctrine of liberation|110}}
****{{i|CDA.3. Introduction to sections of the Madhyamakakārikā|110}}
*****{{i|CDA.3.1. Chapter I: Examination of causes (Pratyaya-parīkṣā)|110}}
****{{i|CDA.4. From the "Mnemonic Verses of the Middle Doctrine"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Madhyamakārikā)|112}}
*****{{i|CDA.4.1. Chapter 15: Examination of intrinsic nature<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(svabhāva-parīkṣā)|114}}
*****{{i|CDA.4.2. Chapter 18: Examination of the self (ātma-parīkṣā)|116}}
*****{{i|CDA.4.3. Chapter 24: Examination of the noble truths (ārya-<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;satya-parīkṣā)|118}}
*****{{i|CDA.4.4. Chapter 25: Examination of nirvāṇa<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(nirvāṇa-parīkṣā)|123}}
****{{i|CDA.5. Introduction to sections of the Vigrahavyāvartanī|126}}
****{{i|CDA.6. From the "The Quarrel (equals) Averting"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Vigrahavyāvartanı)|127}}
****{{i|CDA.7. Introduction to the sections of the Ratnāvalī|130}}
****{{i|CDA.8. From the "Garland of Jewels" (Ratnāvalī)|133}}
***{{i|CDB. Āryadeva (Beginning of 3rd century C.E.)|139}}
****{{i|CDB.1. Introduction to the sample from the Catuḥśataka|139}}
****{{i|CDB.2. From the "Treatise in Four Hundred Stanzas"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Catuḥśataka)|140}}
***{{i|CDC. Buddhapālita (ca. 5th century C.E)|142}}
****{{i|CDC.1. Introduction to the sample from the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mūlamadhyamakavṛtti|142}}
****{{i|CDC.2. From the "Commentary to the Mnemonic Verses of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Middle Doctrine" (Mūlamadhyamakavṛtti)|142}}
***{{i|CDD. Bhāvaviveka (middle of 6th century C.E.)|144}}
****{{i|CDD.1. Introduction to sample from the Prajñāpradīpa|144}}
****{{i|CDD.2. From the "Shining Light of Insight"|145}}
****{{i|CDD.3. From the "Jewel in the Hand" (Tchang tchen) (T 1578, pp.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;276a3-377b11)|149}}
***{{i|CDE. Candrakīrti (7th century C.E.)|154}}
****{{i|CDE.1. The works of Candrakīrti|154}}
****{{i|CDE.2. Introduction to the sample from the Prasannapadā|154}}
****{{i|CDE.3. From the "Clearly Worded" (Prasannapadā)|155}}
****{{i|CDE.4. Introduction to the sample from the Madhyamakāvatāra|157}}
****{{i|CDE.5. From the "Introduction to the Madhyamaka Doctrine"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Madhyamakāvatāra)|159}}
**{{i|CE. The school of Sāramati|164}}
***{{i|CEA. Sāramati (ca. 250 C.E.)|164}}
****{{i|CEA.1. From the "Elucidation of the Seed of the (Three) Jewels"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Ratnagotravibhāga)|165}}
**{{i|CF. The school of the Yogācāra|171}}
***{{i|CFA. The beginnings of the Yogācāra school: the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yogācārabhūmiśāstra|171}}
****{{i|CFA.1. The divisions of reality (sections 1-8)|171}}
****{{i|CFA.2. The determination of the nature of reality: non-duality &<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the middle way & the constitution of the nature of reality<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(sections 9-13)|172}}
****{{i|CFA.3. The proof of the unreality of the phenomenal world<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{section 14)|173}}
****{{i|CFA.4. The 2 proofs of the unreality of the designations<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(sections 15-16)|174}}
****{{i|CFA.5. The 2 errors & the false and correct view of reality<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(sections 17-19)|174}}
****{{i|CFA.6. From the "Stage of the Bodhisattva (Bodhisattvabhūmi)|175}}
***{{i|CFB. The Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra|180}}
****{{i|CFB.1. The doctrine of the threefold nature of things in<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Chapt. VI|180}}
****{{i|CFB.2. The doctrine of the threefold essencelessness of entities in<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chapt. VII and its relation to the doctrine of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Prajñāpāramitā and of the Mādhyamikas|182}}
****{{i|CFB.3. From the "Elucidation of the Secret Meaning"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra)|183}}
***{{i|CFC. Maitreyanātha (ca. 300 C.E.)|191}}
****{{i|CFC.1. The works of Maitreyanātha|191}}
****{{i|CFC.2. The first philosophical system of the Yogācāra:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the doctrine of Maitreyanātha|192}}
*****{{i|CFC.2.1. The highest being as the center of the system|192}}
*****{{i|CFC.2.2. The highest being and the phenomenal world|193}}
*****{{i|CFC.2.3. The false conception and the deception of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;phenomenal world, etc.|193}}
*****{{i|CFC.2.4. The doctrine of liberation|194}}
******{{i|CFC.2.4.1. Non-conceptual knowledge and liberation|194}}
******{{i|CFC.2.4.2. Buddhology and the highest being|195}}
*****{{i|CFC.2.5. The doctrine of Maitreyanātha and the Madhyamaka<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;doctrine|196}}
****{{i|CFC.3. Introduction to the samples from the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra|196}}
*****{{i|CFC.3.1. From the "Ornament of the Sūtras of the Mahāyāna"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra)|200}}
****{{i|CFC.4. Introduction to samples from the Madhyāntavibhāga|207}}
****{{i|CFC.5. From the "Elucidation of the Middle and of the Extremes"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Madhyantavibhāga)|210}}
***{{i|CFD. Asaṅga (ca. 315-390 C.E.)|213}}
****{{i|CFD.1. The works of Asaṅga|213}}
****{{i|CFD.2. The philosophical system of Asaṅga|214}}
*****{{i|CFD.2.1. Adoption of old concepts and development of new<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;psychological concepts|214}}
*****{{i|CFD.2.2. The appearance of the phenomenal world:<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the doctrine of the three characteristics|214}}
******{{i|CFD.2.2.1. The dependent characteristic|215}}
******{{i|CFD.2.2.2. The imagined and the perfect characteristic|216}}
*****{{i|CFD.2.3. The doctrine of liberation|216}}
*****{{i|CFD.2.4. Asaṅga's Buddhology|217}}
****{{i|CFD.3. Introduction to the translated sections of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mahāyānasaṃgraha|218}}
****{{i|CFD.4. From the "Summary of the Mahāyāna"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Mahāyānasaṃgraha)|219}}
***{{i|CFE. Vasubandhu the Elder (ca. 320-380 C.E.)|231}}
****{{i|CFE.1. The works of Vasubandhu the Elder and Vasubandhu the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Younger|231}}
****{{i|CFE.2. Synopsis of the doctrines of the "Twenty Verses" and<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Thirty Verses"|232}}
*****{{i|CFE.2.1. The mental complex as three transformations of<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;cognition|232}}
*****{{i|CFE.2.2. The mental complex and the seeds of permeation|233}}
*****{{i|CFE.2.3. The mental complex in relation to the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;phenomenal world, highest reality and other beings|234}}
*****{{i|CFE.2.4. The doctrine of liberation|235}}
****{{i|CFE.3. Introduction to the Viṃśatikā Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi|235}}
*****{{i|CFE.3.1. Chapter One: Doctrine of the unreality of the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;external world and answers to objections based on<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;reasoning (verses 1-7)|235}}
*****{{i|CFE.3.2. Chapter two: Answers to objections based on<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;scripture (verses 8-10)|236}}
*****{{i|CFE.3.3. Chapter three: Proof of the unreality of the external<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;world: impossibility of the concept of an atom, etc.<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(verses 11-15)|237}}
*****{{i|CFE.3.4. Chapter four: Refutation of various objections<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(verses 16-21)|239}}
****{{i|CFE.4. "Proof that (Everything) is Mere Cognizance, in Twenty<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Verses" (Viṃśatikā Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi)|242}}
****{{i|CFE.5. Introduction to the Triṃśatikā Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi|253}}
****{{i|CFE.6. "Proof, that (Everything) is Mere Cognizance, in Thirty<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Verses"|254}}
***{{i|CFF. Dignāga (ca. 480-540 C.E.)|259}}
****{{i|CFF.1. From the "Compendium of the Means of Valid Cognition"<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(Pramāṇasamuccaya)|260}}
***{{i|CFG. Sthiramati and Dharmapāla (middle of the 6th century C.E.)|262}}
****{{i|CFG.1. From Hiuan-tsangs "Proof that (Everything) is Mere<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cognizance" (Tch'eng wei che louen)|265}}
*{{i|D. Sources and Literature|271}}
**{{i|DA. General|271}}
**{{i|DB. A. The doctrine of the Buddha|271}}
***{{i|DBA. Canonical texts (Tripiṭaka)|271}}
***{{i|DBB. Pratītyasamutpādasūtra|272}}
***{{i|DBC. Pratītyasamutpādavyākhyā|272}}
***{{i|DBD. Śālistambasūtra|272}}
**{{i|DC. B. The Dogmatics of the Hīnayāna|272}}
***{{i|DCA. Milindapañhā|272}}
***{{i|DCB. Vasubandhu the Younger|273}}
****{{i|DCB.1. Abhidharmakośa|273}}
****{{i|DCB.2. Pañcaskandhaka|273}}
***{{i|DCC. Harivararman, Tattvasiddhi|273}}
**{{i|DD. The Schools of the Mahāyāna|273}}
***{{i|DDA. 1. The Madhyamaka School|273}}
****{{i|DDA.1. Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā|273}}
****{{i|DDA.2. Ratnakūṭa (Kāśyapaparivarta)|274}}
****{{i|DDA.3. Nāgārjuna|274}}
*****{{i|DDA.3.1. Madhyamakakārikā|274}}
*****{{i|DDA.3.2. Vigrahavyāvartanıī|274}}
*****{{i|DDA.3.3. Ratnāvalī|275}}
****{{i|DDA.4. Āryadeva: Catuḥśataka|275}}
****{{i|DDA.5. Buddhapālita, Mūlamadhyamakavṛtti|275}}
****{{i|DDA.6. Bhāvaviveka, Prajñāpradīpa|275}}
****{{i|DDA.7. Tchang tchen (Hastaratna?)|275}}
****{{i|DDA.8. Candrakīrti|276}}
*****{{i|DDA.8.1. Prasannapadā|276}}
*****{{i|DDA.8.2. Madhyamakāvatāra|276}}
***{{i|DDB. 2. The school of Sāramati|276}}
****{{i|DDB.1. Sāramati, Ratnagotravibhāga|276}}
***{{i|DDC. 3. The school of the Yogācāra|276}}
****{{i|DDC.1. Bodhisattvabhūmi|276}}
****{{i|DDC.2. Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra|277}}
****{{i|DDC.3. Maitreyanātha|277}}
*****{{i|DDC.3.1. Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra|277}}
*****{{i|DDC.3.2. Madhyāntavibhāga|277}}
****{{i|DDC.4. Asaṅga, Mahāyānasaṃgraha|277}}
****{{i|DDC.5. Vasubandhu|277}}
*****{{i|DDC.5.1. Viṃśatikā|277}}
*****{{i|DDC.5.2. Triṃśikā|278}}
****{{i|DDC.6. Dignāga, Pramāṇasamuccaya|278}}
****{{i|DDC.7. Hiuan-tsang, Tch’eng wei che louen|278}}
*{{i|E. Supplementary remarks|279}}
**{{i|EA. General|279}}
**{{i|EB. A. The doctrine of the Buddha|280}}
**{{i|EC. B. The Dogmatics of the Hīnayāna|280}}
**{{i|ED. The schools of the Mahāyāna|281}}
***{{i|EDA. 1. The Madhyamaka school|281}}
***{{i|EDB. 2. The school of Sāramati|281}}
***{{i|EDC. 3. The school of the Yogācāra|282}}
*Appendix I: Amalavijñāna and ālayavijñāna. A Contribution to the<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Epistemology of Buddhism. By Erich Frauwallner
*Appendix II: Bibliography of Erich Frauwallner
*Appendix III: Sources and Literature (after the fourth edition)
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