set of samsaric states of rebirth in which it is possible for gross defilements such as greed and hatred to manifest, including the hell, ''preta'', animal and human states and the lower ''deva'' states +
the wrong views of eternalism (''śāśvata-dṛṣṭi'') and annihilationism (''uccheda-dṛṣṭi''), lit. that the personal self is eternal or that it truly ceases to exist, but often generalized to include all over- or under-estimation of just how much anything can be said to exist +
'knowledge-bearer, mantra-bearer', a kind of supernatural being, possessed of magical power; usually depicted flying in the air in beautiful human form, sometimes with the lower half of the body bird-like. Fem. ''vidyā-dharī''. +
1. dharmas are elementary constituent events into which the world is broken down, what we see as the Person or Self being no more than a collection of dharmas, without ultimate reality. In the higher schools of Buddhist philosophy it is shown that ''dharmas'' themselves have no ultimate existence: their Suchness, or true nature, is to be Empty (or pure) of true existence. 2. The Dharma that is one of the Three Jewels of Refuge (Buddha, Dharma and Saṅgha) is the realizations and abandonments in the mind of a Buddha. 3. 'The Dharma' frequently means the Doctrine of the Buddha, Truth, what is right. +
vowed discipline common to followers of all three Vehicles. It is of eight types: (a) the eight fasting vows, taken for one day only; (b, c) the five vows of laymen and laywomen; (d, e) the vows of male and female novices; (f) additional vows taken by probationer nuns as a step towards becoming full nuns; (g) the discipline of the full nun (''bhikṣunī''); (h) that of the full monk (''bhikṣu''). +