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From Buddha-Nature
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'''Abstract'''<br><br>
Buddha Nature or Tathāgatagarbha is a complex phenomenon that has been the subject of discussion in Buddhist cultures for centuries. This study presents for the first time a survey of the extent of Tibetan commentarial literature based upon the Indian Tathāgatagarbha Śāstra, the ''Ratnagotravibhāga'', as well as a comparison of passages of Tibetan interpretations upon The Three Reasons given for the presence of Tathāgatagarbha in the ''Ratnagotravibhāga''. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the inconsistencies regarding the dating, authorship, structure and content of this source text within the Sanskrit, Chinese and Tibetan traditions.<br>
Thereby the present study addresses primarily the need for an overview of the Tibetan commentarial literature upon this important Śāstra, by surveying more than forty Tibetan commentaries. This survey will facilitate contextualization of future studies of the individual commentaries. Secondarily it addresses the need for documentation and interpretation of precise concepts and arguments, by presenting line for line comparison of passages of interpretations by four different authors, Rngog Blo ldan shes rab (1059-1109), Dol po pa shes rab rgyal mtshan (1292-1361), Rgyal tshab dar ma rin chen (1364-1432) and Mi pham phyogs las rnam rgyal (1846-1912). This comparison will trace divergent traditions of Tathāgatagarbha interpretation based on the ''Ratnagotravibhāga'' in Tibet.<br>
It becomes apparent that the main divergence in these four authors' Tathāgatagarbha exegesis hinges on their interpretation of Dharmakāya and the role it plays as the first supporting reason for the presence of Tathāgatagarbha. Where some interpret Tathāgatagarbha as being "empty", others maintain that it is "full of qualities", apparent contradictions that however, are based upon the same scriptural passages of the source text, the ''Ratnagotravibhāga''. That the ambiguous nature of the source text accommodates such seemingly contradictory interpretations should be kept in mind when studying Tibetan interpretations so as to avoid dismissal of certain interpretations in favour of others.<br>
The aim of the present study is to provide a structural framework for accessing Tibetan Tathāgatagarbha interpretations based on the ''Ratnagotravibhāga'' that surveys their extent and documents their nature. The study may thus contribute to a broader understanding of Tibetan literature in general and of Buddha Nature interpretation in particular.
Books/Affirmation in Negation: A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha Theory in the Light of the Bodhisattva Practices +
The Tathāgatagarbha theory, also known as the Buddha-nature theory, is one of the most influential Mahāyāna doctrines in the East Asian Buddhism. In 1989, it was severely criticized by some Japanese scholars, namely, Shiro Matsumoto and Noriaki Hakamaya, for being contradictory to the Buddha's teaching of non-self (anātman) and accused of being a non-Buddhist theory in disguise. The purpose of this study is to refute such an accusation and to demonstrate the relationship between this theory and the Bodhisattva practices which are the very core of the Mahāyāna Buddhism.<br> This dissertation begins with definitions of the term "tathāgatagarbha" and some of its synonyms which are followed by a brief review of the historical development of the Tathāgatagarbha theory from India to China. With these as the background knowledge, it is easier to point out the fallacies of the two Japanese scholars' criticism on this theory. A key issue in their criticism is that they viewed the Tathāgatagarbha theory as the ātman of the Upaniṣads in disguise. It is therefore necessary to discuss not only the distinction between the ātman mentioned in the Tathāgatagarbha theory and that in the Upaniṣads but also the controversy over the issue of ātman versus anātman among the Buddhist scholars.<br> In the discussion to clarify the issue of ātman in the Tathāgatagarbha theory, it is demonstrated that the ātman in the Tathāgatagarbha theory is not only uncontradictory to the doctrine of anātman in Buddhism but very important to the Bodhisattva practices in the Mahāyāna Buddhism. It functions as a unity for the Bodhisattvas to voluntarily return to the world of saṃsāra again and again. Furthermore, the purport of the entire theory, that all sentient beings are endowed with the essence of the Buddha, supports various Bodhisattva practices such as the aspiration to save all beings in the world, the six perfections, etc. In a word, the Tathāgatagarbha theory is an excellent representative of the soteriology of the Mahāyāna Buddhism. Included in the end of this dissertation is an annotated translation of the Tathāgatagarbha-sūtra. ([http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/en/search/search_detail.jsp?seq=158543&q=negation&qf=TOPIC&comefrom=searchengine Source Accessed May 26, 2020])
This is a compilation of several sources that speak about buddha-nature. These include:
Pabhassara Sutta<br>
Kevaddha Sutta<br>
Nibbana Sutta<br>
Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra<br>
Samdhinirmochana Sutra<br>
Mahaparinirvana Sutra<br>
Shrimaladevi Sutra <br>
Tathagatagarbha Sutra <br>
Lankavatara Sutra<br>
Bodhidharma’s Breakthrough Sermon<br>
Sengcan’s Song of the Trusting Mind<br>
Hongren’s Treatise on the Supreme Vehicle<br>
Huineng’s Platform Sutra<br>
Yongjia’s Song of Realizing the Way<br>
Shitou’s Record<br>
Shitou’s Song of the Grass-Roof Hermitage <br>
Dongshan’s Song of the Jewel Mirror Samadhi <br>
Caoshan’s Verse<br>
Guishan’s Record<br>
Mazu’s Record<br>
Baizhang’s Record<br>
Huangbo’s Transmission of Mind <br>
Linji’s Record<br>
Nanquan’s Record<br>
Changsha’s Record <br>
Yunmen’s Record <br>
Yuanwu’s Letters <br>
Hongzhi’s Record<br>
Dogen’s Treasury of the True Dharma Eye<br>
Ejo’s Absorption in the Treasury of Light<br>
Keizan’s Transmission of Light<br>
32nd Ancestor Hongren<br>
34th Ancestor Qingyuan<br>
38th Ancestor Dongshan <br>
40th Ancestor Dongan <br>
46th Ancestor Tanxia<br>
49th Ancestor Xuedou<br>
52nd Ancestor Dogen<br>
53rd Ancestor Ejo <br>
Chinul’s Complete Sudden Attainment of Buddhahood<br>
Chinul’s Secrets of Cultivating the Mind<br>
Bassui’s One Mind<br>
Bankei’s Record<br>
Hakuin’s Four Cognitions<br>
Menzan’s Self-Enjoyment Samadhi<br>
Shunryu Suzuki’s Mind Waves (from "Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind")<br>
Shunryu Suzuki’s Resuming Big Mind (from "Not Always So")<br>
Padmasambhava’s Self-Liberation through Seeing with Naked Awareness<br>
Dakpo Tashi Namgyal’s Clarifying the Natural State<br>
Karma Chagmey’s Union of Mahamudra and Dzogchen<br>
Jamgon Mipham’s Lamp that Dispels Darkness +
This lecture will focus on one particular strand of thought in the history of Buddhism. Often neglected by scholars and even deemed to be non-Buddhist, the idea of universal buddhahood unfolded enormous influence throughout the history of Buddhism. The concept that all living beings have buddha-nature has its beginning in the early centuries of the common era in India. Its impact was crucial for the spread of Buddhism in Asia.<br><br>
Direct forerunners of the idea that all living beings have buddha-nature are the Lotus Sutra and parts of the ''Avataṁsaka'' (華嚴經). The lecture will discuss how the concept of buddha-nature came into existence, what kind of factors were crucial for this development, and how the idea was described in its earliest literature. Recent years have seen a fresh and unexpected re-arrangement of the early history of buddha-nature thought. These new developments will also be presented and evaluated. +
This volume is a study and edition of Bcom ldan ral gri's (1227–1305) ''Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi 'od''. Likely composed in the last decades of the thirteenth century, this systematic list of Buddhist Sutras, Tantras, Shastras, and related genres translated primarily from Sanskrit and other Indic languages holds an important place in the history of Buddhist literature in Tibet. It affords a glimpse of one Tibetan scholar's efforts to classify more than two thousand titles of Buddhist literature in the decades before the canonical collections known as the ''Bka' 'gyur'' and the ''Bstan 'gyur'' achieved a relatively stable form. Tibetan historiography traces the origin of the ''Bka' 'gyur'' and ''Bstan 'gyur'' to Bcom ldan ral gri's efforts, though the unique structure of the ''Bstan pa rgyas pa rgyan gyi nyi 'od'', which differs greatly from available ''Bka' 'gyur'' and ''Bstan 'gyur'' catalogs, shows that the situation is more complex.
Known to contemporary scholars of Tibetan literature for some time through mention in other works, Bcom ldan ral gri's survey has recently become available for the first time in two manuscripts. The present work contains a detailed historical introduction, an annotated edition of the two manuscripts, as well as concordances and appendices intended to aid the comparative study of early Tibetan collections of Indic Buddhist literature. (Source: [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674014596 Harvard University Press]) +
A translation of one of the most important commentaries on the ''Awakening of Faith''. +
This book is based upon notes prepared by the author for general lectures on Buddhism which he has been giving to students at a number of universities in Tokyo since around 1960. The initial version of the present work first saw the light of day as part of a textbook for university students entitled ''Bukkyo ippan'' 仏教一般 (''Buddhism in General'') which was compiled in concert with professors specializing in Chinese and Japanese Buddhism and published by the Department of Buddhist Studies at Komazawa University in Tokyo. Then, at a later date, the author was approached by the Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai (University of Tokyo Press) to write an introductory work on Buddhism for the edification of the general reading public. By permission of the Department of Buddhist Studies at Komazawa University, he accordingly extracted those sections of the above textbook which he had himself written ("Outline of Buddhism" and "Indian Buddhism"), to which he then made some additions and corrections and also appended a brief history of Buddhism covering not only India but also China and Japan. This was then published in 1983 under the title of ''Bukkyo nyümon'' 仏教入門 (''An Introduction to Buddhism''), of which the present work is an English translation. (Takasaki, preface to the English version, iii) +
An Introduction to the Palpung Study and Practice program "Discovering the Buddha Within" by H.E Yongey Migyur Rinpoche
尊貴的 詠給明就仁波切介紹八蚌學修教程 ─ 開啟內在之佛 ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azIK84yIJqk&t=13s Source Accessed June 8, 2023]) +
''Burchardi, Anne. "Advice on Navigating the Plethora of Available Buddha-Nature Teachings." Conversations on Buddha-Nature with Lopen Dr. Karma Phuntsho. Produced by the Tsadra Foundation Research Department, December 18, 2021. Video, 6:11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQTddI3Tv8I.'' +
Media/Anne Burchardi: Buddha-Nature in Practice: How the Notion of "Garbha" Can Be Applied to "Being in the World" +
''Burchardi, Anne. "Buddha-Nature in Practice: How the Notion of 'Garbha' Can Be Applied to 'Being in the World'." Old Topic, New Insights: Buddha-Nature at the Crossroads between Doctrine and Practice. The 16th IATS Conference, Prague, July 3–9, 2022. Produced by the Tsadra Foundation Research Department. Video, 18:19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-e9mJqrZIc.'' +
''Burchardi, Anne. "On Her First Encounter with Buddha-Nature Teachings." Conversations on Buddha-Nature with Lopen Dr. Karma Phuntsho. Produced by the Tsadra Foundation Research Department, December 18, 2021. Video, 11:42. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ad5Bejnvzc0.'' +
''Burchardi, Anne. "On Her Work Compiling the Commentaries to the Uttaratantra." Conversations on Buddha-Nature with Lopen Dr. Karma Phuntsho. Produced by the Tsadra Foundation Research Department, December 18, 2021. Video, 3:18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLnNvQ2Zy7Y.'' +
''Burchardi, Anne. "On Turning Hardship into the Path." Conversations on Buddha-Nature with Lopen Dr. Karma Phuntsho. Produced by the Tsadra Foundation Research Department, December 18, 2021. Video, 4:00. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOhacgM0S3I.'' +
''Burchardi, Anne. "On the Provisional or Definitive Nature of the Buddha-Nature Teachings." Conversations on Buddha-Nature with Lopen Dr. Karma Phuntsho. Produced by the Tsadra Foundation Research Department, December 18, 2021. Video, 3:37. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDfD6gzolX4.'' +
Media/Anne Burchardi: On the Sutra Sources for the Uttaratantra and Her Work on the Dharanishvarajasutra +
See [https://buddhanature.tsadra.org/images-budnat/3/3a/Illustrations_of_Buddhanature.pdf The Illustrations of the Nine Examples of the Buddha-Nature from the ''Tathāgatagarbhasūtra''] by Sofia Burchardi. +
Media/Anne Burchardi: Why the Buddha-Nature Teachings were Taught according to the Uttaratantrashastra +
''Burchardi, Anne. "Why the Buddha-Nature Teachings were Taught according to the Uttaratantrashastra." Conversations on Buddha-Nature with Lopen Dr. Karma Phuntsho. Produced by the Tsadra Foundation Research Department, December 18, 2021. Video, 24:22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGOlGy59bMU.'' +
''Gimello, Robert M. "Apophatic and Kataphatic Discourse in Mahāyāna: A Chinese View." ''Philosophy East and West'' 26, no. 2 (1976): 117–36.'' +
The following preface was added by Aurel Stein to Appendix F, which was prepared for this publication by A. F. Rudolf Hoernle:
[NOTE. The materials embodied in this list were received in a final form from Dr. Hoernle. early in 1918. The typed press copy prepared from them was after his death in November of that year checked with the original under the kind supervision of Dr. F. W. Thomas.
Owing to various reasons difficulty was experienced about verifying the exact reading of all extracts quoted by Dr. Hoernle from particular MSS., mainly in Khotanese language. It being thus impossible to assure in this respect the degree of accuracy which that most painstaking collaborator would have aimed at, I have thought it advisable to reduce the reproduction of such quotations within narrow limits. For convenient reference by future students the original Inventory ' slips' as received from Dr. Hoernle's hand, as well as a typed copy of them, have been deposited at the India Office Library.—A. STEIN.]<br><br>
[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-9/V-3/page/0402.html.en Read more here . . .] +
A study and translation of ten Dzogchen texts from Jigme Lingpa's ''Longchen Nyingtik'' revelations. +
The ''Awakening of Faith in Mahāyāna'' (''Dasheng qixinlun'') is one of the most influential philosophical texts in East Asian Buddhism. It is most important for developing the Indian Buddhist doctrine of an inherent potentiality for Buddhahood (''tathāgatagarbha'') into a monistic ontology based on the mind as the ultimate ground of all experience. Its most significant contribution to East Asian Buddhist thought is its formulation of the idea of original enlightenment (''benjue'', or in Japanese, ''hongaku''). ([https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/awakening-of-faith-in-mahayana/v-1 Source Accessed Jun 3, 2020]) +
