Studies in Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka Thought Part 1

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• PART 1

• LIST OF MAIN SANSKRIT AND TIBETAN SOURCES WITH SIGLA OF ABBREVIATED TITLES xi

• SECTION I
• AN OUTLINE OF THE EARLIER HISTORY OF THE TIBETAN
  MADHYAMAKA (DBU MA) FROM ITS ORIGINS IN THE EIGHTH
  CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF ITS 'CLASSICAL PERIOD' IN THE
  EARLY FIFTEENTH CENTURY 1
  • 1. PERIODIZATION IN THE HISTORY OF MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT
    IN TIBET 1
  • 2. THE TRANSMISSION TO TIBET OF THE MAIN INDIAN SOURCES
    OF THE MADHYAMAKA 9
  • 3. EARLY TIBETAN DOXOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS OF THE MADHYAMAKA 23
  • 4. THE INDIGENOUS TIBETAN SOURCES OF THE MADHYAMAKA BEGINNING IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY 26
    • 4.1. THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE TIBETAN RAN RGYUD PA ('SVĀTANTRIKA') TRADITION IN THE EARLIER phyi dar PERIOD 27
    • 4.2. THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE TIBETAN THAL 'GYUR BA ('PRĀSANGIKA') TRADITION IN THE EARLIER phyi dar PERIOD 41
    • 4.3. DOXOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS OF THE MADHYAMAKA IN
      THE EARLIER phyi dar PERIOD AND THEIR TIBETAN
      REPRESENTATIVES 55
  • 5. THE Ratnagotravibhāga-Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra, THE gŽan stoṅ AND
    THE 'THEORY OF THE HVA ŠAṄ' IN RELATION TO MADHYAMAKA
    SCHOOL TRADITIONS 72
  • 6. TSOṄ KHA PA'S ARRIVAL AT HIS MADHYAMAKA THEORY 88

• SECTION II
• THESES, PHILOSOPHICAL POSITIONS AND CONTENTION IN MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 105
  • 1. THE PROBLEM 105
  • 2. THE THESIS AND ASSERTION WITH NĀGĀRJUNA, ĀRYA-DEVA
    AND CANDRAKĪRTI 115
  • 3. Dṛṣṭi AND darśana AND THE EXPRESSION avācaka 133
  • 4. THE PROCEDURE OF APAGOGIC AND MAIEUTICAL
    prasaṅgāpādana AND THE QUESTION OF vitaṇḍā 136
  • 5. ASSERTION, DISCURSIVITY, FREEDOM FROM EXTREME
    POSITIONS AND THE 'TETRALEMMA' (catuṣkoṭi) 139
  • 6. NON-CONTENTIOUSNESS, PHILOSOPHICAL EIRENICISM AND THEIR ETHICAL AND SOTERIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS 148
  • 7. THE avyākṛtavastus AND THE ĀRYAN SILENCE 152
  • 8. Pakṣa, abhyupagama AND prasaṅga IN THE MADHYAMAKA
    ACCORDING TO JAYĀNANDA 156
  • 9. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO PA TSHAB ÑI MA GRAGS 159
  • 10. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO KHu MDO SDE 'BAR 161
  • 11. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO RMA BY A BYAṄ CHUB YE ŠES
    AND RMA BYA BYAṄ CHUB BRTSON 'GRUS 163
  • 12. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO SA SKY A PAṆḌI TA 169
  • 13. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO DBUS PA BLO GSAL 172
  • 14. THESIS, ASSERTION AND PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION
    ACCORDING TO MKHAS GRUB RJE 173
  • 15. THE QUESTION OF THE THESIS IN TSOṄ KHA PA's Lam rim chen mo AND IN 'JAM DBYAṄS BŽAD PA'S COMMENTS 187
  • 16. THE APPLICATION OF POSITIVE DETERMINATION (pariccheda)
    AND NEGATIVE DETERMINATION (vyavaccheda) IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S
    Draṅ ṅes legs Mad sñiṅ po 195
  • 17. NOTES ON SOME LATER TIBETAN SCHOLARS' VIEWS ON THE THESIS, ASSERTION AND DISCURSIVITY 199
  • 18. SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES IN PHILOSOPHICAL AND
    HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 207
  • 19. SOME LOGICAL, EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND SEMIOTIC ISSUES
    IN A MODERN PERSPECTIVE 219
  • 20. CONCLUSION 228

• SECTION III
• ON EPISTEMOLOGICAL-LOGICAL (pramāṇa) THEORY AND THE
  ONTIC IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S MADHY AMAKA PHILOSOPHY 233
  • 1. INTRODUCTION 233
  • 2. SOME FUNDAMENTAL LOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL
    ISSUES IN MADHYAMAKA: prayoga(vākya) VS. prasaṅga AND THE
    PROBLEM OF pramāṇa IN RELATION TO prameya 240
  • 3. THE STATUS OF THE THESIS (pratijñā) IN THE MADHYAMAKA244
  • 4. INFERENCE (rjes su dpag pa equals anumāna) IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT247
  • 5. Svatantra-anumāna AS PROBATIVE INFERENCE, prasaṅgāpādana AS APAGOGIC REASONING, AND THE PROBLEM OF MUTUAL AGREEMENT (ubhaya[pra]siddhatva) 250
  • 6. Prasaṅgavākya, prakṛtārthaviparyaya, prasaṅgaviparītārthāpatti AND THE
    USE OF prasajya-pratiṣedha IN THE prasaṅga-STATEMENT OF NON-ORIGINATION IN THE MADHYAMAKA 252
  • 7. TSOṄ KHA PA ON bzlog don AND thal bzlog: prasaṅga-REVERSAL (prasaṅgaviparīta) AND prasaṅga-CONTRAPOSITION (prasaṅgaviparyaya) 257
  • 8. Prasaṅgāpādana (thal ba (b]sgmb pa ~ thal ba 'phen pa) AS A SPECIAL
    FORM OF INFERENCE ACCORDING TO TSOṄ KHA PA 266
  • 9. ON REFUTATION (dūṣaṇa) AND PROOF (sādhana) WITH
    CANDRAKĪRTI AND TSOṄ KHA PA 269
  • 10. Pramāṇa-THEORY, ERROR AND ASCERTAINMENT IN TSOṄ
    KHA PA's MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 272
  • 11. THE LOGICAL-EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND ONTIC STATUS
    OF THE PRĀSAṄGIKA's paraprasiddha-ARGUMENT ACCORDING TO
    TSOṄ KHA PA 282
  • 12. THE paraprasiddha-anumāna AND THE prasaṅgāpādana AS pramāṇa
    AND AS MAIEUTICS 286
  • 13. THE PROCEDURES OF vyavaccheda AND pariccheda IN
    MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 287
  • 14. THE USE OF THE bādhakapramāṇa AND CONTRAPOSITION IN ATTAINING THE MADHYAMAKA THEORY OF NON-
    SUBSTANTIALITY (niḥsvabhāvatā) 288
  • 15. CONCLUSION 296

• INDICES
• INDEX OF MAIN INDIAN AND TIBETAN PERSONAL NAMES 305
• INDEX OF SELECTED PLACE NAMES 310
• INDEX OF SELECTED INDIAN TEXTS 310
• INDEX OF SELECTED TIBETAN TEXTS 311
• INDEX OF MAIN SANSKRIT KEY-TERMS 312
• INDEX OF MAIN TIBETAN KEY-TERMS 318

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These are the root verses of the Uttaratantra attributed to Maitreya by the Tibetan tradition.

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These are the root verses of the Uttaratantra attributed to Maitreya by the Tibetan tradition.

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pramāṇa - In the Buddhist literature on pramāṇa, it refers to cognition that correctly apprehends its object without any deception or mistake. Such correct cognition include direct perception and inferential cognition. Skt. प्रमान Tib. ཚད་མ། Ch. 量

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pramāṇa - In the Buddhist literature on pramāṇa, it refers to cognition that correctly apprehends its object without any deception or mistake. Such correct cognition include direct perception and inferential cognition. Skt. प्रमान Tib. ཚད་མ། Ch. 量

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sādhana - Sādhana refers to a method of practice through which one can actualise a specific spiritual result, and by extension to the texts and manuals which present such methods. A sādhana in the Vajrayāna Buddhist context generally involves the worship and visualisation of a tantric deity, chanting of mantras, and associated practices. The practice often begins with verses of taking refuge and cultivating altruistic thought, then carrying out meditation on emptiness and the mandala of deity, seven-part worship, chanting of mantras, and finally the dissolution of the deity which was visualised. Skt. साधन Tib. སྒྲུབ་ཐབས། Ch. 修行

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pramāṇa - In the Buddhist literature on pramāṇa, it refers to cognition that correctly apprehends its object without any deception or mistake. Such correct cognition include direct perception and inferential cognition. Skt. प्रमान Tib. ཚད་མ། Ch. 量

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pramāṇa - In the Buddhist literature on pramāṇa, it refers to cognition that correctly apprehends its object without any deception or mistake. Such correct cognition include direct perception and inferential cognition. Skt. प्रमान Tib. ཚད་མ། Ch. 量

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niḥsvabhāvatā - The state of lacking a truly independent existence. Skt. निःस्वभावता Tib. ངོ་བོ་ཉིད་མེད་པ་ཉིད་

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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rang stong - The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena. Tib. རང་སྟོང་

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tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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