Studies in Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka Thought Part 1

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Part I of these Studies in Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka philosophy consists of three sections. The first outlines the history of the Madhyamaka school in Tibet from its origins toward the end of the eighth century until the time it fully assumed its classical form in the early fifteenth century owing to the efforts of Tson kha pa and other eminent masters of approximately that time. An earlier publication, The literature of the Madhyamaka school of philosophy in India (Wiesbaden, 1981), has traced the history of the Madhyamaka school in India beginning with its source, Nāgārjuna, and extending to the early part of the second millennium of the common era when it was establishing itself firmly in Tibet.

Section II investigates the complex, and controversial, problem of whether a (Prāsaṅgika) Mādhyamika may, within the frame of his school's philosophy, assert a thesis (pratijñā) and maintain a philosophical position (pakṣa, mata). It is a reworked and expanded version of an earlier study: 'On the thesis and assertion in the Madhyamaka/dBu ma' in E. Steinkellner and H. Tauscher (ed.), Contributions on Tibetan and Buddhist religion and philosophy (Proceedings of the Csoma de Korös Symposium held at Velm-Vienna, 13-19 September 1981 (Vienna, 1983), pp. 205-241).

Section III concerns the very significant place occupied in Tsoṅ kha pa's Madhyamaka philosophy by the ideas and methods of epistemological and logical system (pramāṇavidyā) of Dharmakīrti. It is an expanded version of a study first published in 1991: 'On pramāṇa theory in Tsoṅ khap pa's Madhyamaka philosophy' in E. Steinkellner (ed.), Studies in the Buddhist epistemological tradition (Proceedings of the Second International Dharmakīrti Conference, Vienna, 11-16 June, 1989, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophische-Historische Klasse, Denkschriften, 222. Band (Vienna, 1991), pp. 281-310).

Part II of these Studies will contain annotated translations of Candrakīrti's Sanskrit commentary on Madhyamakakārikā i.1 taken from his renowned Prasannapadā madhyamakavṛttiḥ and of rGyal tshab Dar ma rin chen's Tibetan Summary-Memorandum on the Eight Crucial Points in Madhyamaka philosophy (dKya' gnad/gnas brgyad kyi zin bris). (Source: foreword in Part I)

(Source: foreword in Part I)

Citation

Ruegg, David Seyfort. Three Studies in the History of Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka Philosophy: Studies in Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka Thought. Pt. 1. Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde 50. Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universität Wien, 2000. https://archive.org/details/madhyamikathreestudiesinhistoryofindiantibetanmadhyamakaphilosophydavidseyfortruegg_803_q/mode/2up.

PART 1

LIST OF MAIN SANSKRIT AND TIBETAN SOURCES WITH SIGLA OF ABBREVIATED TITLES xi

SECTION I
AN OUTLINE OF THE EARLIER HISTORY OF THE TIBETAN
MADHYAMAKA (DBU MA) FROM ITS ORIGINS IN THE EIGHTH
CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF ITS 'CLASSICAL PERIOD' IN THE
EARLY FIFTEENTH CENTURY 1
- 1. PERIODIZATION IN THE HISTORY OF MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT
  IN TIBET 1
- 2. THE TRANSMISSION TO TIBET OF THE MAIN INDIAN SOURCES
  OF THE MADHYAMAKA 9
- 3. EARLY TIBETAN DOXOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS OF THE MADHYAMAKA 23
- 4. THE INDIGENOUS TIBETAN SOURCES OF THE MADHYAMAKA BEGINNING IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY 26
  - 4.1. THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE TIBETAN RAN RGYUD PA ('SVĀTANTRIKA') TRADITION IN THE EARLIER phyi dar PERIOD 27
  - 4.2. THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE TIBETAN THAL 'GYUR BA ('PRĀSANGIKA') TRADITION IN THE EARLIER phyi dar PERIOD 41
  - 4.3. DOXOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS OF THE MADHYAMAKA IN
    THE EARLIER phyi dar PERIOD AND THEIR TIBETAN
    REPRESENTATIVES 55
- 5. THE Ratnagotravibhāga-Mahāyānottaratantraśāstra, THE gŽan stoṅ AND
  THE 'THEORY OF THE HVA ŠAṄ' IN RELATION TO MADHYAMAKA
  SCHOOL TRADITIONS 72
- 6. TSOṄ KHA PA'S ARRIVAL AT HIS MADHYAMAKA THEORY 88

SECTION II
THESES, PHILOSOPHICAL POSITIONS AND CONTENTION IN MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 105
- 1. THE PROBLEM 105
- 2. THE THESIS AND ASSERTION WITH NĀGĀRJUNA, ĀRYA-DEVA
  AND CANDRAKĪRTI 115
- 3. Dṛṣṭi AND darśana AND THE EXPRESSION avācaka 133
- 4. THE PROCEDURE OF APAGOGIC AND MAIEUTICAL
  prasaṅgāpādana AND THE QUESTION OF vitaṇḍā 136
- 5. ASSERTION, DISCURSIVITY, FREEDOM FROM EXTREME
  POSITIONS AND THE 'TETRALEMMA' (catuṣkoṭi) 139
- 6. NON-CONTENTIOUSNESS, PHILOSOPHICAL EIRENICISM AND THEIR ETHICAL AND SOTERIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS 148
- 7. THE avyākṛtavastus AND THE ĀRYAN SILENCE 152
- 8. Pakṣa, abhyupagama AND prasaṅga IN THE MADHYAMAKA
  ACCORDING TO JAYĀNANDA 156
- 9. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO PA TSHAB ÑI MA GRAGS 159
- 10. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO KHu MDO SDE 'BAR 161
- 11. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO RMA BY A BYAṄ CHUB YE ŠES
  AND RMA BYA BYAṄ CHUB BRTSON 'GRUS 163
- 12. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO SA SKY A PAṆḌI TA 169
- 13. THE THESIS ACCORDING TO DBUS PA BLO GSAL 172
- 14. THESIS, ASSERTION AND PHILOSOPHICAL POSITION
  ACCORDING TO MKHAS GRUB RJE 173
- 15. THE QUESTION OF THE THESIS IN TSOṄ KHA PA's Lam rim chen mo AND IN 'JAM DBYAṄS BŽAD PA'S COMMENTS 187
- 16. THE APPLICATION OF POSITIVE DETERMINATION (pariccheda)
  AND NEGATIVE DETERMINATION (vyavaccheda) IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S
  Draṅ ṅes legs Mad sñiṅ po 195
- 17. NOTES ON SOME LATER TIBETAN SCHOLARS' VIEWS ON THE THESIS, ASSERTION AND DISCURSIVITY 199
- 18. SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES IN PHILOSOPHICAL AND
  HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 207
- 19. SOME LOGICAL, EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND SEMIOTIC ISSUES
  IN A MODERN PERSPECTIVE 219
- 20. CONCLUSION 228

SECTION III
ON EPISTEMOLOGICAL-LOGICAL (pramāṇa) THEORY AND THE
ONTIC IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S MADHY AMAKA PHILOSOPHY 233
- 1. INTRODUCTION 233
- 2. SOME FUNDAMENTAL LOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL
  ISSUES IN MADHYAMAKA: prayoga(vākya) VS. prasaṅga AND THE
  PROBLEM OF pramāṇa IN RELATION TO prameya 240
- 3. THE STATUS OF THE THESIS (pratijñā) IN THE MADHYAMAKA244
- 4. INFERENCE (rjes su dpag pa equals anumāna) IN TSOṄ KHA PA'S MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT247
- 5. Svatantra-anumāna AS PROBATIVE INFERENCE, prasaṅgāpādana AS APAGOGIC REASONING, AND THE PROBLEM OF MUTUAL AGREEMENT (ubhaya[pra]siddhatva) 250
- 6. Prasaṅgavākya, prakṛtārthaviparyaya, prasaṅgaviparītārthāpatti AND THE
  USE OF prasajya-pratiṣedha IN THE prasaṅga-STATEMENT OF NON-ORIGINATION IN THE MADHYAMAKA 252
- 7. TSOṄ KHA PA ON bzlog don AND thal bzlog: prasaṅga-REVERSAL (prasaṅgaviparīta) AND prasaṅga-CONTRAPOSITION (prasaṅgaviparyaya) 257
- 8. Prasaṅgāpādana (thal ba (b]sgmb pa ~ thal ba 'phen pa) AS A SPECIAL
  FORM OF INFERENCE ACCORDING TO TSOṄ KHA PA 266
- 9. ON REFUTATION (dūṣaṇa) AND PROOF (sādhana) WITH
  CANDRAKĪRTI AND TSOṄ KHA PA 269
- 10. Pramāṇa-THEORY, ERROR AND ASCERTAINMENT IN TSOṄ
  KHA PA's MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 272
- 11. THE LOGICAL-EPISTEMOLOGICAL AND ONTIC STATUS
  OF THE PRĀSAṄGIKA's paraprasiddha-ARGUMENT ACCORDING TO
  TSOṄ KHA PA 282
- 12. THE paraprasiddha-anumāna AND THE prasaṅgāpādana AS pramāṇa
  AND AS MAIEUTICS 286
- 13. THE PROCEDURES OF vyavaccheda AND pariccheda IN
  MADHYAMAKA THOUGHT 287
- 14. THE USE OF THE bādhakapramāṇa AND CONTRAPOSITION IN ATTAINING THE MADHYAMAKA THEORY OF NON-
  SUBSTANTIALITY (niḥsvabhāvatā) 288
- 15. CONCLUSION 296

INDICES
INDEX OF MAIN INDIAN AND TIBETAN PERSONAL NAMES 305
INDEX OF SELECTED PLACE NAMES 310
INDEX OF SELECTED INDIAN TEXTS 310
INDEX OF SELECTED TIBETAN TEXTS 311
INDEX OF MAIN SANSKRIT KEY-TERMS 312
INDEX OF MAIN TIBETAN KEY-TERMS 318

A study on Madhyamaka philosophy. See Part 2 of the work, which contains annotated translations of Candrakīrti's Sanskrit commentary on Madhyamakakārikā i.1 taken from his renowned Prasannapadā madhyamakavṛttiḥ and of rGyal tshab Dar ma rin chen's Tibetan Summary-Memorandum on the Eight Crucial Points in Madhyamaka Philosophy (dKya' gnad/gnas brgyad kyi zin bris).