Tao-sheng's Commentary on the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-Sūtra: A Study and Translation

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• ABSTRACTiii
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSvi

• PART I: AIMS AND METHOD1
•               NOTES TO PART I16

• PART II: INTRODUCTION20
  • A. Tao-sheng's Pre-history: the State of Buddhist Studies in China20
  • B. Tao-sheng's Biography36
    • 1. Biographical Sources36
    • 2. Tao-sheng's Life38
      • a. Early Years in Chien-k'ang under Chu Fa-t'ai38
      • b. The First Sojourn at Lu-shan with Hui-yüan40
      • c. Study with Kumārajīva in Ch'ang-an43
      • d. Return to Lu-shan45
      • e. The Second Sojourn at Chien-k'ang46
      • f. The Third Sojourn at Lu-shan and Death47
      • g. Evaluation of Tao-sheng's Life48
  • C. Tao-sheng's Works53
  • D. Tao-sheng's Doctrines60
    • 1. Sudden Enlightenment61
    • 2. The Buddha-nature and Related Ideas74
    • 3. Miscellaneous84
      • a. The Good Deed Entails No Retribution85
      • b. There is No Pure Land in [the Realm of] the Buddha89
      • c. The Dharmakāya is Formless94
      • d. On the Two Truths101
  • E. Tao-sheng's Influence and the Impact of his Doctrines106
    • 1. The Doctrine of Sudden Enlightenment107
      • a. The Contemporary and Following Period107
      • b. Tao-sheng's Doctrine and the Ch'an School111
      • c. Tao-sheng's Doctrine and the Hua-yen School121
    • 2. The Doctrine of Buddha-nature125
    • 3. Tao-sheng and Other Schools129
      • a. Tao-sheng and the T'ien-t'ai School129
      • b. Tao-sheng and the San-lun School133
  • NOTES TO PART II137

• PART III: A CRITICAL STUDY OF TAO-SHENG'S COMMENTARY ON
  THE SADDHARMAPUṆḌARĪKA156
  • A. Tao-sheng and the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka156
  • B. Literary Aspects163
    • 1. Structure163
      • a. General163
      • b. Preface164
      • c. Interpretation of Chapters 1–27165
    • 2. Style and Exegetical Method167
      • a. Style167
      • b. Exegetical Method169
    • 3. Vocabulary: The Language of the Text with Special Reference to Neo-Taoism171
      • a. Introduction171
      • b. Analysis of the Concepts174
        • (1) Li174
        • (2) Fen180
        • (3) The Role of Language183
        • (4) The "Sage" and Related Terms188
        • (5) The Emotional Factor207
        • (6) Lei212
        • (7) One Ultimate214
        • (8) Middle Way (Chung-tao)218
        • (9) Tao222
      • c. Concluding Remarks224
  • C. Central Ideas228
    • 1. Main Themes228
    • 2. An Overview of the Internal Stucture of the Commentary via the
      Term Li235
      • a. Introduction235
      • b. Syntactical and Contextual Position237
      • c. Predicates, Properties, and Epistemic Implications239
      • d. Li Viewed in Connection with Other Concepts242
      • e. Li and the Process of Enlightenment256
      • f. Concluding Remarks264
  • D. Traces of Tao-sheng's Doctrines268
    • 1. Sudden Enlightenment269
    • 2. Buddha-nature274
    • 3. Miscellaneous275
  • E. Select Chapters for a Comprehensive Textual Analysis283
    • 1. Chapter 3284
    • 2. Chapter 15301
    • 3. Chapter 24308
    • 4. Summary and Conclusion311
  • NOTES TO PART III317

• PART IV: CONCLUSION339
  • NOTES TO PART IV346

• PART V: TRANSLATION348
  • Preface348
  • Roll the First (Chapts. 1–4)352
  • Roll the Second (Chapts. 5–27)453
  • NOTES TO TRANSLATION535
• ABBREVIATIONS580
• BIBLIOGRAPHY581

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dharmakāya - "Truth body" or "true being" — One of the three bodies of a buddha. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, it often refers to a kind of fundamental principle or the true nature of reality itself. Skt. धर्मकाय Tib. ཆོས་སྐུ་ Ch. 法身

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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rang stong - The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena. Tib. རང་སྟོང་

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tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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