Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction………………………………………………………….……….……12 1.1. Literature Review and Method…………………………………………….……..16 1.2. Statement of Contribution……………………………………………………..….21 1.3. Overview of the Dissertation…………………………………………….…..……24 Chapter 2. The Tension between Sentience and Insentience? ………………….………...…27 2.1. The Obscure Definition of Sentience……………………………….……….……28 2.2. Indian Thought of the Sentience/Insentience of Plants…………...………………37 2.3. The Sentience and Power of Buddha Relics and Images ……………………...…46 2.4. The Relic as the Full Embodiment of the Three Buddha Bodies and Buddhahood…………………………………………………………………….…69 2.5. Sentience, Insentience, and the Mutual Inclusion of Matter and Mind………...…82 Chapter 3. The Doctrine of Buddha-Nature………………………………………….……….97 3.1. Tathāgatagarbha as Great Self…………………………………………..………101 3.2. The Definitions of Buddha-Nature in the Nirvana Sutra………………...………117 3.3. Early Writings about the Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings…………..……...130 3.4. Zhiyi’s (538-597) Teaching of Buddh-Nature………………………..……162 Chapter 4. Jingxi Zhanran and His Theory of the Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings………………………………………………………………………...……204 4.1. Biography and Major Works of Jingxi Zhanran (711-782)………..…208 4.2. The Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings…………………………………..……228 Chapter 5. Responses to and Interpretations of Zhanran’s Theory……………………….298 5.1. Tang Tiantai-Tendai Dialogues on the Practice and Buddhahood of Insentient Beings……………………………………………………………………………302 11 5.2. Shanwai Thinker Gushan Zhiyuan (976-1022) on Mind-Inclusion.….322 5.3. Shanjia Thinker Siming Zhili (960-1028) on Matter-Inclusion and the Deluded Mind………..……………………………………………………..……346 5.4. Contemporary Scholarly Viewpoints………………………………………….…383 5.5. The Modality of Insentient Beings’ Active and Passive Practice………….…….391 Chapter 6. Conclusion and the Recontextualization of Zhanran’s Theory…………..……402 6.1. Application of Zhanran’s Theory………………………...………………………404 6.2. Exploring the Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings in Non-Tiantai Contexts…...422 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………...……443 Appendix. The Diamond Scalpel………………………………………………………………457
The Liberation of Matter: Examining Jingxi Zhanran’s Philosophy of the Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings in Tiantai Buddhism
Abstract
This dissertation examines the notion that not only sentient beings but also insentient
ones, e.g., flora, mountains, rivers, and manmade objects, have Buddha-nature. Employing an
exegetical approach, I investigate Jingxi Zhanran’s (711-782) theory of the Buddha-nature of
insentient beings. Emphasizing the all-pervasiveness of Buddha-nature and the nonduality of
mind and material, he eliminates the absolute distinction between sentient and insentient beings
and contends that Buddha-nature includes all beings. Additionally, insisting on the Tiantai notion
of mutual inclusion, which reveals a two-way relationship between sentience and insentience,
Zhanran reverses the positions of the subjective observer and the objective phenomenon,
subjectifying insentient beings.
In addition to examining the theoretical profundity of Zhanran’s theory, my study examines the issues of sentience versus insentience and Buddha-nature that took place before Zhanran and discusses the subsequent Tiantai concerns with the Buddha-nature of insentient beings. Through textual analysis, I reexamine the emergence of the Chinese thought that connects Buddha-nature to insentient things, initially presented by Jingying Huiyuan (523-592) and Jiaxiang Jizang (549-623). I also illustrate that the concept of the Buddha-nature of insentient beings is implied in Zhiyi’s (538-597) thought by interpreting Zhiyi’s teachings that inspired Zhanran’s advocacy. Furthermore, I analyze, on doctrinal grounds, Chinese Tiantai descendants’ endorsement of Zhanran’s theory, contrasting it with their Japanese counterparts’, the latter who found it difficult to conceptualize how insentient beings’ spiritual cultivation might occur.
I ultimately argue that Zhanran, indeed, articulates the Buddhahood of insentient beings, and that the modality of their practice through the nonduality between passivity and activity, and between Buddhahood and “insentienthood” can be explained. By raising questions about the human relation to the insentient world and exploring possibilities for attaining harmony through transcending the duality between selfness and otherness, and subjectivity and objectivity, I hope to contribute to the reexamination of anthropocentric religious liberation.
| Citation | Chen, Shuman. "The Liberation of Matter: Examining Jingxi Zhanran’s Philosophy of the Buddha-Nature of Insentient Beings in Tiantai Buddhism." PhD diss., Northwestern University, 2014. |
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