Ryōgen and Mount Hiei

Book

Ryogen and Mount Hiei focuses on the transformation of the Tendai School from a small and impoverished group of monks in the early ninth century to its emergence as the most powerful and influential school of Japanese Buddhism in the last half of the tenth century—a position it would maintain throughout the medieval period. This is the first study in a Western language of the institutional factors that lay behind the school's success. At its core is a biography of a major figure behind this transformation, Ryogen (912–985). The discussion, however, extends well beyond a simple biography as Ryogen's activities are placed in their historical and institutional context.
Unlike the recluses and eccentrics that have so often attracted Western readers of Buddhism, Ryogen was a consummate politician and builder. Because he lost his major monastic sponsor at an early age, he was forced to find ways to advance his career with little support. His activities reveal much about the path to success for monks during the tenth century. Skill in debate, the performance of Esoteric Buddhist ritual, and strategic alliances with powerful lay and monastic figures were important to his advance. In 966 Ryogen was appointed head of the Tendai School and served until his death nineteen years later. He has been vilified at times for his loyalty to his own faction within Tendai at the expense of other groups. Careful analysis of the political and social factors behind his attitudes, however, places his activities in their appropriate context.
The study concludes with a discussion of the ordinations and roles of nuns during the early Heian period. An examination of Ryogen's close relation with his mother helps define the ambiguities of a school that prohibited women from the precincts of its temple yet performed rituals to insure safe childbirth and frequently attracted their patronage. A number of primary sources are translated in the appendices. (Source: University of Hawai'i Press)

Citation	Groner, Paul. Ryōgen and Mount Hiei: Japanese Tendai in the Tenth Century. Kuroda Studies in East Asian Buddhism 15. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002. https://archive.org/details/ryogenandmounthieijapanesetendaiintenthcenturypaulgroner_13_Q/mode/2up.

- List of Tables and Figuresix
- Prefacexi
- Abbreviationsxv

1. Ryogen’s Place in the History of the Tendai School 1 2. The Early History of Factionalism within the Tendai School: From Saicho through the Mid-tenth Century 15 3. Ryogen’s Early Years 45 4. Ryogen’s Rise to Prominence 56 5. Ryogen and the Fujiwaras: Patronage and Esoteric Buddhist Ritual 71 6. The Owa Debates 94 7. Ryogen’s Appointments as Head of the Tendai School and to the Office of Monastic Affairs 118 8. The Significance of Ryogen’s Revival of the Examination System 128 9. Rebuilding the Tendai Establishment on Mount Hiei 167 10. Ryogen as Zasu: Financing the Spread of Tendai Influence 190 11. Factionalism and Ryogen’s Efforts to Control the Order 218 12. Ryogen and the Role of Nuns in Ninth- and Tenthcentury Japan 245 13. Epilogue: Ryogen’s Posthumous Career 289 Appendix 1. Ennin and Yokawa 305 Appendix 2. A Note on Morosuke’s Interests 311 Appendix 3. Dying Instructions of the Great Archbishop Jie 313

Appendix 4. Takamitsu’s Retreat to Tonomine 327 Appendix 5. A Record of the Owa Debates 331 Appendix 6. Ten Doubts concerning the Hosso School 337 Appendix 7. Zoga as an Eccentric 341 Appendix 8. Invocation of Tendai Abbot Ryogen 345 Notes 367 Glossary 463 Bibliography 491 Index 511