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Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism

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This study of Tsung-mi is part of the Studies in East Asian Buddhism series. Author Peter Gregory makes extensive use of Japanese secondary sources, which complements his work on the complex Chinese materials that form the basis of the study. (Source: University of Hawai'i Press)

Citation	Gregory, Peter N. Tsung-mi and the Sinification of Buddhism. Kuroda Studies in East Asian Buddhism 16. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002. First Published 1991 by Princeton University Press.

Contents

• Acknowledgmentsxi
• Abbreviationsxiii
  
  

• CHAPTER ONE
• Introduction3
  
  

PART ONE: Tsung-mi's Life

• CHAPTER TWO
• A Biography of Tsung-mi27
  • Classical Background (780–804)28
  • Ch'an Training and the Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment (804–810)33
  • Ch'eng-kuan and Hua-yen (810–816)58
  • Early Scholarship (816–828)68
  • Literati Connections (828–835)73
  • The Sweet Dew Incident (835)85
  • Later Years and Death (835–841)88
    
    

PART TWO: Doctrinal Classification

• CHAPTER THREE
• Doctrinal Classification93
  • The Hermeneutical Problem in Buddhism93
  • The Chinese Context104

• CHAPTER FOUR
• Doctrinal Classification in the Hua-yen Tradition115
  • Chih-yen's Classification Schemes117
  • Fa-tsang's Classification Scheme127
  • Tsung-mi's Classification Scheme134

• CHAPTER FIVE
• The Sudden Teaching136
  • The Sudden Teaching According to Fa-tsang137
  • The Problematical Nature of the Sudden Teaching142
  • The Sudden Teaching and Ch'an144
  • The Sudden Teaching in Tsung-mi's Thought146

CHAPTER SIX The Perfect Teaching 154 The Samadhi of Oceanic Reflection 154 Two Paradigms 157 The Shift from Shih-shih wu-ai to Li-shih wu-ai 162 The Teaching that Reveals the Nature 165 The Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment 167

PART THREE: The Ground of Practice CHAPTER SEVEN A Cosmogonic Map for Buddhist Practice 173 The Five Stages of Phenomenal Evolution 173 Nature Origination and Conditioned Origination 187 Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation 192 Tsung-mi's Ten-Stage Model 196

CHAPTER EIGHT The Role of Emptiness 206 A Cosmogony-Derived P'an-chiao 206 Tsung-mi's Theory of Religious Language 209 The Meaning of Awareness 216 The Tathāgatagarbha Critique of Emptiness 218

CHAPTER NINE Tsung-mi's Critique of Ch'an 224 Ch'an and the Teachings 224 Critique of the Different Types of Ch'an 230 Historical Context 244

PART FOUR: The Broader Intellectual Tradition CHAPTER TEN Confucianism and Taoism in Tsung-mi's Thought 255 Tsung-mi's Extension of P'an-chiao to the Two Teachings 256 Tsung-mi's Critique of Confucianism and Taoism 261 The Teaching of Men and Gods 279 Tsung-mi's Synthesis of Confucianism and Taoism 285 Tsung-mi's Intellectual Personality 293

CHAPTER ELEVEN Tsung-mi and Neo-Confucianism 295 Chu Hsi's Critique of the Buddhist Understanding of Nature 297

A Common Problematic 304 The Problem of Predication 306 The Structural Parallels 309

APPENDIX I A Note on Biographical Sources 313 APPENDIX II A Note on Tsung-mi 's Writings 315 Glossary 327 Bibliography 335 Index 355

tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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