Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii CHAPTER ONE Introduction 3 PART ONE: Tsung-mi's Life CHAPTER TWO A Biography of Tsung-mi 27 Classical Background (780-804) 28 Ch 'an Training and the Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment (804-810) 33 Ch'eng-kuan and Hua-yen (810–816) 58 Early Scholarship (816-828) 68 Literati Connections (828-835) 73 The Sweet Dew Incident (835) 85 Later Years and Death (835-841) 88
PART Two: Doctrinal Classification CHAPTER THREE Doctrinal Classification 93 The Hermeneutical Problem in Buddhism 93 The Chinese Context 104
CHAPTER FOUR Doctrinal Classification in the Hua-yen Tradition 115 Chih-yen's Classification Schemes 117 Fa-tsang's Classification Scheme 127 Tsung-mi's Classification Scheme 134
CHAPTER FIVE The Sudden Teaching 136 The Sudden Teaching According to Fa-tsang 137 The Problematical Nature of the Sudden Teaching 142 The Sudden Teaching and Ch'an 144 The Sudden Teaching in Tsung-mi's Thought 146
CHAPTER SIX The Perfect Teaching 154 The Samadhi of Oceanic Reflection 154 Two Paradigms 157 The Shift from Shih-shih wu-ai to Li-shih wu-ai 162 The Teaching that Reveals the Nature 165 The Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment 167
PART THREE: The Ground of Practice CHAPTER SEVEN A Cosmogonic Map for Buddhist Practice 173 The Five Stages of Phenomenal Evolution 173 Nature Origination and Conditioned Origination 187 Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation 192 Tsung-mi's Ten-Stage Model 196
CHAPTER EIGHT The Role of Emptiness 206 A Cosmogony-Derived P'an-chiao 206 Tsung-mi's Theory of Religious Language 209 The Meaning of Awareness 216 The Tathāgatagarbha Critique of Emptiness 218
CHAPTER NINE Tsung-mi's Critique of Ch'an 224 Ch'an and the Teachings 224 Critique of the Different Types of Ch'an 230 Historical Context 244
PART FOUR: The Broader Intellectual Tradition CHAPTER TEN Confucianism and Taoism in Tsung-mi's Thought 255 Tsung-mi's Extension of P'an-chiao to the Two Teachings 256 Tsung-mi's Critique of Confucianism and Taoism 261 The Teaching of Men and Gods 279 Tsung-mi's Synthesis of Confucianism and Taoism 285 Tsung-mi's Intellectual Personality 293
