Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii CHAPTER ONE Introduction 3 PART ONE: Tsung-mi's Life CHAPTER TWO A Biography of Tsung-mi 27 Classical Background (780-804) 28 Ch 'an Training and the Scripture of Perfect Enlightenment (804-810) 33 Ch'eng-kuan and Hua-yen (810–816) 58 Early Scholarship (816-828) 68 Literati Connections (828-835) 73 The Sweet Dew Incident (835) 85 Later Years and Death (835-841) 88
PART Two: Doctrinal Classification CHAPTER THREE Doctrinal Classification 93 The Hermeneutical Problem in Buddhism 93 The Chinese Context 104
CHAPTER FOUR Doctrinal Classification in the Hua-yen Tradition 115 Chih-yen's Classification Schemes 117 Fa-tsang's Classification Scheme 127 Tsung-mi's Classification Scheme 134
CHAPTER FIVE The Sudden Teaching 136 The Sudden Teaching According to Fa-tsang 137 The Problematical Nature of the Sudden Teaching 142 The Sudden Teaching and Ch'an 144 The Sudden Teaching in Tsung-mi's Thought 146