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• Forewordv
• Acknowledgmentsix
• Abbreviationsxi

• Introduction1
  • Peter N. Gregory
    • • • • I . The Sudden and Gradual Debates
• The Mirror of the Mind13
  • Paul Demiéville

• Sudden Illumination or Simultaneous Comprehension: Remarks on Chinese and Tibetan Terminology41
  • R. A. Stein

• Purifying Gold: The Metaphor of Effort and Intuition in Buddhist Thought and Practice67
  • Luis O. Gomez

• • • • II. Sudden and Gradual Enlightenment in Chinese Buddhism
• Tao-sheng’s Theory of Sudden Enlightenment Re-examined169
  • Whalen Lai

• Sudden and Gradual Intimately Conjoined: Chih-i’s T’ien-t’ai View201
  • Neal Donner

• Shen-hui and the Teaching o f Sudden Enlightenment in Early Ch’an
  Buddhism227
  • John R. McRae

• Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation: Tsung-mi’s Analysis
  of Mind279
  • Peter N . Gregory

• The "Short-cut" Approach o f K'an-hua Meditation: The Evolution of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism321
  • Robert E . Buswell, Jr.

• • • • • • III. Analogies in the Cultural Sphere
• The Sudden and the Gradual in Chinese Poetry Criticism: An Examination of the Ch’an-Poetry Analogy381
  • Richard John Lynn

• Tung Ch’i-ch'ang's "Southern and Northern Schools" in the History and Theory of Painting: A Reconsideration429
  • James Cahill

• Afterword by Tu Wei-ming447
• Contributors457
• Index461

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Yogācāra - Along with Madhyamaka, it was one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Asaṅga and Vasubandhu around the fourth century CE, many of its central tenets have roots in the Saṃdhinirmocanasūtra and the so-called third turning of the dharma wheel (see tridharmacakrapravartana). Skt. योगाचार Tib. རྣལ་འབྱོར་སྤྱོད་པ་ Ch. 瑜伽行派

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Madhyamaka - Along with Yogācāra, it is one of the two major philosophical schools of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Founded by Nāgārjuna around the second century CE, it is rooted in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtras, though its initial exposition was presented in Nāgārjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā. Skt. मध्यमक Tib. དབུ་མ་ Ch. 中觀見

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gzhan stong - The state of being devoid of that which is wholly different rather than being void of its own nature. The term is generally used to refer to the ultimate, or buddha-nature, being empty of other phenomena such as adventitious defiling emotions but not empty of its true nature. Tib. གཞན་སྟོང་

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rang stong - The state of being empty of self, which references the lack of inherent existence in relative phenomena. Tib. རང་སྟོང་

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tathāgatagarbha - Buddha-nature, literally the "womb/essence of those who have gone (to suchness)." Skt. तथागतगर्भ Tib. དེ་བཞིན་གཤེགས་པའི་སྙིང་པོ་ Ch. 如来藏

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prabhāsvaratā - In a general sense, that which clears away darkness, though it often appears in Buddhist literature in reference to the mind or its nature. It is a particularly salient feature of Tantric literature, especially in regard to the advanced meditation techniques of the completion-stage yogas. Skt. प्रभास्वर Tib. འོད་གསལ་ Ch. 光明

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gotra - Disposition, lineage, or class; an individual's gotra determines the type of enlightenment one is destined to attain. Skt. गोत्र Tib. རིགས་ Ch. 鍾姓,種性

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